League City: 
Laboratory Tests give us a “Window into your pet’s body”. Use the following list of laboratory test results to help better understand how these test results affect the health of your pet.
As with many tests, medications may interfere or cause false results. Please inform us if your pet is taking any medications.
Depending on the test(s) performed, the results may take several days to receive. If your pet’s results are pending, we will contact you when the results are in. However, please do not hesitate to call and check on the results, particularly if your pet is ill.
Additionally, if you can’t find your answers here and you still have questions or uncertainties about your pet’s results, please do not hesitate to call us.
Blood Screens
Routine Blood Screen
A pet wellness screen is a blood test, which assesses the internal organ function that cannot be determined based on physical examination alone.The following is a description of each test involved. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask any of our healthcare team members.
Liver Function Tests
An (AST) Aspartate Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), that usually lives only within the cells of the liver. When this chemical is found in the blood, it is an indication that severe damage to a certain number of liver cells has occurred. Elevations of this enzyme are more serious than the elevation of the ALT because the AST is a part of the inner-cellular machinery and usually cell death must occur before it leaks from the liver. AST is also found in muscle cells, and uncommonly, this test indicates muscle disease.
16 - 55 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal AST (SGOT)
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Mild Increase -AST (SGOT)
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -AST (SGOT)
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -AST (SGOT)
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
An (ALT) Alanine Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally lives in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of ALT within the plasma and elevations indicate liver disease but do not necessarily correlate with the degree of liver disease. A moderate increase in these levels may also be caused by administration of glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants without appreciable liver damage.
18-121 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALT (SGPT)
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Mild Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
An Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of Serum Amyloid P Component (SAP), within the plasma. The alkaline phosphatase test result is elevated when disease of the liver, and in particular the gall bladder, is present. Alkaline phosphatase is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants, however, this elevation does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Elevations of the alkaline phosphatase are also present and normal in young, growing pets. Excessive internal production of cortisol due to hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease) is a common cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase.
5 - 160 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALP
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Mild Increase -ALP
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALP
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALP
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is contained in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of GGT within the plasma. The GGT test result can be elevated with disease of the liver, and in particular, the gall bladder. GGT is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants. This elevation, however, does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Excessive internal production of cortisol is a common cause of elevated GGT, which is called hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease).
0 - 13 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal GGT
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Mild Increase -GGT
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
This is a test for the blood protein Albumin. Albumin is produced by the liver and is important for keeping water in the blood vessels and transporting certain chemicals in the blood.
2.7-3.9 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Albumin
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Normal Albumin
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
Increased Albumin
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
This is a test for the blood protein Globulin. Globulins (also known as antibodies), are an important part of the immune system and are involved in fighting off infections.
2.4-4.0 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Globulin
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Normal Globulin
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Increased Globulin
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
This is a test for blood bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is released when red blood cells are destroyed and is then processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and finally secreted into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and are then recycled (conjugated) by the liver.
0.0-0.3 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Total
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of direct bilirubin indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease, or bile duct disease. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice. Obstruction of the bile duct or gall bladder with stones or sludge, as well as moderate to severe inflammation of the liver, can cause elevation of bilirubin.
0.0-0.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Conjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Kidney Function Tests
The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of kidney function. Urea is produced through the breakdown of proteins and is excreted via the kidneys into the urine.
9 - 31 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased BUN
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Normal BUN
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
Mild Increase -BUN
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -BUN
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -BUN
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
This is a test for kidney function. Creatinine is an amino acid that is released into the blood at a constant rate from muscle cells and then filtered into the urine at a constant rate by the kidneys.
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Creatinine
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Normal Creatinine
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Creatinine
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -Creatinine
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -Creatinine
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
Electrolyte Function Tests
Sodium is an important electrolyte involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the total amount of fluid in the tissues and blood vessels.
142-152 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Sodium
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Sodium
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Increased Sodium
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps with normal muscle and nerve function.
4.0-5.4 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Potassium
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Potassium
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Mild Increase -Potassium
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Chloride is an electrolyte which is an important component of stomach acid (Hydrochloric acid).
108-119 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Chloride
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Normal Chloride
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Increased Chloride
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), is the end product of metabolism for the body. Normally, carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by blood, where it is exhaled. The carbon dioxide also forms bicarbonate, which is used to help maintain the correct acid/base environment in the body. This bicarbonate decreases when the body becomes more acid and increases when the body becomes more alkaline. Acid conditions are caused by severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, and any other severe illness. Alkaline conditions are caused by excessive panting (uncommon) or hydrochloric acid loss as a result of severe vomiting.
15-25 mmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Moderate Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Normal CO2
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Mild Increase -CO2
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Phosphorus
A decrease in phosphorus levels, referred to as hypophosphatemia, is uncommon. Basically, anything that causes an increase in calcium levels, could potentially cause a decrease in phosphorus levels; certain medications, a recent large meal or Cushing’s disease.
A decrease in phosphorus levels, referred to as hypophosphatemia, is uncommon. Basically, anything that causes an increase in calcium levels, could potentially cause a decrease in phosphorus levels; certain medications, a recent large meal or Cushing’s disease.
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus levels are normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus levels are normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Pancreas Function Tests
Cholesterol is an essential building block of many important chemicals and hormones of the body. It is the basic structure component of cortisol, estrogen, testosterone and many other chemicals. Cholesterol plaques do not occur in our pets because of their relatively short life span. Therefore, the concerns of cholesterol elevations in pets are not the same as they are in humans.
131-345 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Normal Cholesterol
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
Mild Increase -Cholesterol
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
Moderate Increase -Cholesterol
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
Severe Increase -Cholesterol
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
Blood glucose (a type of sugar), is the primary energy source for the body. Glucose enters the cells of the body with the help of (body producing) insulin and is an essential constituent of blood. If blood glucose values fall below normal your pet becomes weak, as it falls lower your pet may be very weak, exhibit tremors, seizures or coma; and if glucose falls very low for an extended time, it may be fatal. To determine blood glucose levels, a simple in-hospital test can be done using a small drop of blood (beneficial to kittens and puppies, as a large amount of blood is not required).
63-114 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Glucose
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can come on suddenly and include: loss of appetite, trembling, weakness, increased urination and thirst, cold-white gums (vs. warm, pink gums), behavioral changes, lack of energy, response time and coordination; as well as involuntary twitching, seizures and partial paralysis of hindquarters. Severe hypoglycemia, if left untreated, will ultimately affect brain functions, organs and eventually lead to unconsciousness followed by death (severe symptoms are also seen with insulin overdose).
Causes
Hypoglycemia is known to be caused by liver inflammation or cancer, Portosystemic shunt, prolonged vigorous exercise, malnutrition, artificial sweetener toxicity, over administration of insulin, and elapsed meal time in kittens, puppies and notably toy (small) breeds.
Diagnosis
In addition to a physical exam and blood glucose test, we may recommend additional tests to rule out and/or determine the underlying cause. Specifically, liver, kidney and pancreas blood tests may be performed to evaluate organ function. Other related blood test and a urinalysis may also be needed for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Puppy Hypoglycemia
Puppies are highly susceptible to hypoglycemia; especially small breed and toy breed pups. The reason being, they have less muscle mass compared to that of a large breed dog; therefore, it is harder for their body to maintain proper glucose levels. Regular meal times are imperative, because missing just one meal can bring on a sudden episode of hypoglycemia in a puppy. The signs to look for include lethargic, trembling, stumbling and non-responsiveness. You need to immediately give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (repeating once or twice). You should begin to see improvement in a few minutes, if you do not, then you need to seek veterinary care immediately!
Insulin Overdose | Caring for your diabetic pet
One of the main causes of hypoglycemia in diabetic pets is inadvertently over administration of insulin. To prevent the possibility of double dosing, it’s a good idea for only one family member to be in charge of administering insulin to your pet. It is important to administer the insulin at the same time(s) each day; scheduling at meal time is a good way to remember. Missing a dose is insignificant, but overdosing can be fatal! Watch for the warning signs as they can come on quickly: stumbling (as if drunk), muscle tremors, weakness, nervousness, unusual behavior, anxiety and pupil dilation. If your pet is experiencing these signs, immediately feed your pet! If your pet will not eat, you need to give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (you can also do this if your pet is unconscious). You can repeat this process by giving them more honey/syrup, but do not give them insulin, this could result in death! In the event of unconsciousness and your pet responds, feed him/her right away and seek veterinary care. If your pet does not respond at all after giving him/her honey or syrup, seek veterinary care immediately! In the event your pet has remained conscious, yet with symptoms, as soon as they are alert and able, feed them a meal of their regular food.
Normal Glucose
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Increased Glucose
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
Muscles and Bones Tests
Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK), also referred to as Creatine Kinase (CK), is an enzyme found in normal muscle cells. This is a test for muscle damage. It can be elevated after extreme exertion, trauma or from toxins such as those found in snake venoms.
10-200 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased CPK
Not clinically significant
Not clinically significant
Normal CPK
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
Mild Increase -CPK
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
Moderate Increase -CPK
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
Severe Increase -CPK
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
Calcium is a mineral which is necessary for proper muscle contraction, proper bone formation and proper kidney function as well as many other functions of the body.
8.4-11.8 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Calcium
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Normal Calcium
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Mild Increase -Calcium
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
Moderate Increase -Calcium
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Severe Increase -Calcium
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Erythrocytes are Red Blood Cells (RBC), which carry hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron and globular proteins and acts to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The RBC is normally produced in the bone marrow, but other sites of production, such as the spleen, may become evident in times of extreme need.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
The Hematocrit (HCT) test, also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), is the percentage of the blood that is made up by red blood cells.
38.3-56.5 %
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Hematocrit (PCV)
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
Increased Hematocrit (PCV)
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Hemoglobin is the substance within the red blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. In fact, the red blood cell can be thought of as just a bag of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin count is affected by the number of red blood cells and also the concentration of hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
13.4-20.7 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Normal Hemoglobin
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Increased Hemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
The Mean Cell Volume (MCV), is a measure of the average size of your pet's Red Blood Cells (RBC's).
59 - 76 fL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCV
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Normal MCV
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Increased MCV
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Each red cell is like a bag filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the chemical that carries oxygen to the tissues. The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell is indicated by the MCH, (Mean Cell Hemoglobin).
21.9-26.1 pg
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCH
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
Normal MCH
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCH
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of individual red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the substance within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. The concentration of hemoglobin within each cell is as important as the number of red blood cells when it comes to oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
32.6-39.2 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCHC
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Normal MCHC
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCHC
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
White Blood Cell Tests
There are five types of white blood cells in our bodies and the bodies of our pets. These white cells all play roles in the immune system response. They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Elevation or decreases in the number of each type of white blood cell can give us many clues about the health of your pet.
2.87-17.02 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -White Blood Cells
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
Moderate Decrease -White Blood Cells
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
Mild Decrease -White Blood Cells
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
Normal White Blood Cells
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -White Blood Cells
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Moderate Increase -White Blood Cells
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Severe Increase -White Blood Cells
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
Platelets are cell fragments created by the bone marrow and released into the general circulation to aid in the blood clotting process. Platelets are essential for blood clotting and serve like sticky dough balls to plug gaps in vessels.
151-600 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Platelet Count
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Mild Decrease -Platelet Count
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Normal Platelet Count
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Increased Platelet Count
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
This white blood cell is responsible for a large part of the surveillance of the body. It is very non-specific in its actions and any tissue destruction of any type be it bacterial, viral, parasitic or inflammatory will cause activation of the neutrophil. Neutrophils account for 85% of the white blood cells in the body. If their numbers are elevated then it usually means an active infection or inflammation is present.
2.94-12.67 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Neutrophil
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Moderate Decrease -Neutrophil
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Mild Decrease -Neutrophil
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
Normal Neutrophil
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -Neutrophil
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
Moderate Increase -Neutrophil
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
Severe Increase -Neutrophil
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia
is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
Monocytes contribute to the immune system in several ways. They help to remove damaged tissue and debris in severe disease processes. They also assist in antibody production by lymphocytes.
0.13-1.15 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Monocytes
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
Normal Monocytes
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Mild Increase -Monocytes
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
Moderate Increase -Monocytes
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
Severe Increase -Monocytes
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
Eosinophils participate in the immune reaction against parasites such as heartworms, fleas, hookworms and mange. Therefore in the presence of these diseases, the number of eosinophils in the blood will be elevated. Eosinophils are also active during allergic reactions. Therefore these cells will be elevated in the blood of pets with allergies.
0.07-1.49 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Eosinophils
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
Normal Eosinophils
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Eosinophils
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
Moderate Increase -Eosinophils
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Severe Increase -Eosinophils
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell which are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and also circulating in lymph and blood. There are two major types of lymphocyte which perform different roles in the immune system. T-Lymphocytes are responsible for killing viruses, killing cells infected with viruses and killing tumour type cells. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies which help prevent and fight many infectious diseases.
1.06-4.95 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Lymphocyte
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Decrease -Lymphocyte
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild Decrease -Lymphocyte
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Normal Lymphocytes
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Mild Increase -Lymphocyte
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
Moderate Increase -Lymphocyte
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
Severe Increase -Lymphocyte
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Basophils seem to function in a similar fashion as eosinophils because their numbers are elevated with the same disease reactions, yet very few basophils are found in the blood and they seem to be present only in severe cases of allergy or parasitism. Basophils contain the compounds histamine and heparin and during immune responses, these compounds are released. Histamine causes many of the respiratory symptoms of allergy and asthma.
0 - 0.1 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Basophils
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
Normal Basophils
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Increased Basophils
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
Total Body Function (Extended)
A Total Body Function is an extensive laboratory analysis of the blood. This test provides information regarding the status of infection, internal organ function, electrolyte balance, thyroid status, and red and white blood cell counts. This information is important to evaluate your pet's condition. This test includes screening for thyroid disease.The following is a description of each test involved. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask any of our healthcare team members.
Liver Function Tests
Total Protein
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Kidney Function Tests
SDMA
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
Pancreas Function Tests
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme which is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of food.
337-1,469 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Amylase
A decrease of amylase is very rarely clinically significant.
A decrease of amylase is very rarely clinically significant.
Normal Amylase
Your pet passed this test! No problem has been detected.
Your pet passed this test! No problem has been detected.
Mild Increase -Amylase
A mild increase of amylase may be due to poor appetite, gastrointestinal conditions or pancreatitis.
A mild increase of amylase may be due to poor appetite, gastrointestinal conditions or pancreatitis.
Severe Increase -Amylase
A severe increase of amylase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of amylase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Lipase
Lipase is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of fatty food. Lipase can be released into the blood stream when the pancreas is inflamed. Irritation of the pancreas causes the release of very powerful chemicals (which usually digest our food), into the tissues around the pancreas causing autodigestion of these tissues and subsequent inflammation and pain. Elevation of lipase in the blood, therefore, may be a sign of pancreatitis.
138-755 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Lipase
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Lipase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Lipase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Moderate Increase -Lipase
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
Severe Increase -Lipase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Routine Blood Screen STAT
A pet wellness screen is a blood test, which assesses the internal organ function that cannot be determined based on physical examination alone.A test with a STAT request implies its’ urgency of immediate attention and highest priority in an emergency, allowing quicker processing of results for diagnosis and treatment. Safari's laboratory is equipped to run samples STAT, meaning your pet does not have to wait 24 hours for potentially lifesaving results.
The following is a description of each test involved. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask any of our healthcare team members.
Liver Function Tests
An (AST) Aspartate Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), that usually lives only within the cells of the liver. When this chemical is found in the blood, it is an indication that severe damage to a certain number of liver cells has occurred. Elevations of this enzyme are more serious than the elevation of the ALT because the AST is a part of the inner-cellular machinery and usually cell death must occur before it leaks from the liver. AST is also found in muscle cells, and uncommonly, this test indicates muscle disease.
16 - 55 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal AST (SGOT)
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Mild Increase -AST (SGOT)
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -AST (SGOT)
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -AST (SGOT)
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
An (ALT) Alanine Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally lives in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of ALT within the plasma and elevations indicate liver disease but do not necessarily correlate with the degree of liver disease. A moderate increase in these levels may also be caused by administration of glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants without appreciable liver damage.
18-121 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALT (SGPT)
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Mild Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
An Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of Serum Amyloid P Component (SAP), within the plasma. The alkaline phosphatase test result is elevated when disease of the liver, and in particular the gall bladder, is present. Alkaline phosphatase is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants, however, this elevation does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Elevations of the alkaline phosphatase are also present and normal in young, growing pets. Excessive internal production of cortisol due to hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease) is a common cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase.
5 - 160 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALP
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Mild Increase -ALP
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALP
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALP
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is contained in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of GGT within the plasma. The GGT test result can be elevated with disease of the liver, and in particular, the gall bladder. GGT is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants. This elevation, however, does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Excessive internal production of cortisol is a common cause of elevated GGT, which is called hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease).
0 - 13 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal GGT
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Mild Increase -GGT
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
This is a test for the blood protein Albumin. Albumin is produced by the liver and is important for keeping water in the blood vessels and transporting certain chemicals in the blood.
2.7-3.9 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Albumin
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Normal Albumin
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
Increased Albumin
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
This is a test for the blood protein Globulin. Globulins (also known as antibodies), are an important part of the immune system and are involved in fighting off infections.
2.4-4.0 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Globulin
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Normal Globulin
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Increased Globulin
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
This is a test for blood bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is released when red blood cells are destroyed and is then processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and finally secreted into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and are then recycled (conjugated) by the liver.
0.0-0.3 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Total
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of direct bilirubin indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease, or bile duct disease. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice. Obstruction of the bile duct or gall bladder with stones or sludge, as well as moderate to severe inflammation of the liver, can cause elevation of bilirubin.
0.0-0.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Conjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Kidney Function Tests
The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of kidney function. Urea is produced through the breakdown of proteins and is excreted via the kidneys into the urine.
9 - 31 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased BUN
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Normal BUN
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
Mild Increase -BUN
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -BUN
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -BUN
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
This is a test for kidney function. Creatinine is an amino acid that is released into the blood at a constant rate from muscle cells and then filtered into the urine at a constant rate by the kidneys.
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Creatinine
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Normal Creatinine
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Creatinine
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -Creatinine
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -Creatinine
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
Electrolyte Function Tests
Sodium is an important electrolyte involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the total amount of fluid in the tissues and blood vessels.
142-152 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Sodium
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Sodium
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Increased Sodium
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps with normal muscle and nerve function.
4.0-5.4 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Potassium
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Potassium
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Mild Increase -Potassium
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Chloride is an electrolyte which is an important component of stomach acid (Hydrochloric acid).
108-119 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Chloride
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Normal Chloride
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Increased Chloride
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), is the end product of metabolism for the body. Normally, carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by blood, where it is exhaled. The carbon dioxide also forms bicarbonate, which is used to help maintain the correct acid/base environment in the body. This bicarbonate decreases when the body becomes more acid and increases when the body becomes more alkaline. Acid conditions are caused by severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, and any other severe illness. Alkaline conditions are caused by excessive panting (uncommon) or hydrochloric acid loss as a result of severe vomiting.
15-25 mmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Moderate Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Normal CO2
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Mild Increase -CO2
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Phosphorus
A decrease in phosphorus levels, referred to as hypophosphatemia, is uncommon. Basically, anything that causes an increase in calcium levels, could potentially cause a decrease in phosphorus levels; certain medications, a recent large meal or Cushing’s disease.
A decrease in phosphorus levels, referred to as hypophosphatemia, is uncommon. Basically, anything that causes an increase in calcium levels, could potentially cause a decrease in phosphorus levels; certain medications, a recent large meal or Cushing’s disease.
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus levels are normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus levels are normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Pancreas Function Tests
Cholesterol is an essential building block of many important chemicals and hormones of the body. It is the basic structure component of cortisol, estrogen, testosterone and many other chemicals. Cholesterol plaques do not occur in our pets because of their relatively short life span. Therefore, the concerns of cholesterol elevations in pets are not the same as they are in humans.
131-345 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Normal Cholesterol
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
Mild Increase -Cholesterol
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
Moderate Increase -Cholesterol
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
Severe Increase -Cholesterol
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
Blood glucose (a type of sugar), is the primary energy source for the body. Glucose enters the cells of the body with the help of (body producing) insulin and is an essential constituent of blood. If blood glucose values fall below normal your pet becomes weak, as it falls lower your pet may be very weak, exhibit tremors, seizures or coma; and if glucose falls very low for an extended time, it may be fatal. To determine blood glucose levels, a simple in-hospital test can be done using a small drop of blood (beneficial to kittens and puppies, as a large amount of blood is not required).
63-114 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Glucose
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can come on suddenly and include: loss of appetite, trembling, weakness, increased urination and thirst, cold-white gums (vs. warm, pink gums), behavioral changes, lack of energy, response time and coordination; as well as involuntary twitching, seizures and partial paralysis of hindquarters. Severe hypoglycemia, if left untreated, will ultimately affect brain functions, organs and eventually lead to unconsciousness followed by death (severe symptoms are also seen with insulin overdose).
Causes
Hypoglycemia is known to be caused by liver inflammation or cancer, Portosystemic shunt, prolonged vigorous exercise, malnutrition, artificial sweetener toxicity, over administration of insulin, and elapsed meal time in kittens, puppies and notably toy (small) breeds.
Diagnosis
In addition to a physical exam and blood glucose test, we may recommend additional tests to rule out and/or determine the underlying cause. Specifically, liver, kidney and pancreas blood tests may be performed to evaluate organ function. Other related blood test and a urinalysis may also be needed for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Puppy Hypoglycemia
Puppies are highly susceptible to hypoglycemia; especially small breed and toy breed pups. The reason being, they have less muscle mass compared to that of a large breed dog; therefore, it is harder for their body to maintain proper glucose levels. Regular meal times are imperative, because missing just one meal can bring on a sudden episode of hypoglycemia in a puppy. The signs to look for include lethargic, trembling, stumbling and non-responsiveness. You need to immediately give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (repeating once or twice). You should begin to see improvement in a few minutes, if you do not, then you need to seek veterinary care immediately!
Insulin Overdose | Caring for your diabetic pet
One of the main causes of hypoglycemia in diabetic pets is inadvertently over administration of insulin. To prevent the possibility of double dosing, it’s a good idea for only one family member to be in charge of administering insulin to your pet. It is important to administer the insulin at the same time(s) each day; scheduling at meal time is a good way to remember. Missing a dose is insignificant, but overdosing can be fatal! Watch for the warning signs as they can come on quickly: stumbling (as if drunk), muscle tremors, weakness, nervousness, unusual behavior, anxiety and pupil dilation. If your pet is experiencing these signs, immediately feed your pet! If your pet will not eat, you need to give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (you can also do this if your pet is unconscious). You can repeat this process by giving them more honey/syrup, but do not give them insulin, this could result in death! In the event of unconsciousness and your pet responds, feed him/her right away and seek veterinary care. If your pet does not respond at all after giving him/her honey or syrup, seek veterinary care immediately! In the event your pet has remained conscious, yet with symptoms, as soon as they are alert and able, feed them a meal of their regular food.
Normal Glucose
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Increased Glucose
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
Muscles and Bones Tests
Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK), also referred to as Creatine Kinase (CK), is an enzyme found in normal muscle cells. This is a test for muscle damage. It can be elevated after extreme exertion, trauma or from toxins such as those found in snake venoms.
10-200 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased CPK
Not clinically significant
Not clinically significant
Normal CPK
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
Mild Increase -CPK
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
Moderate Increase -CPK
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
Severe Increase -CPK
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
Calcium is a mineral which is necessary for proper muscle contraction, proper bone formation and proper kidney function as well as many other functions of the body.
8.4-11.8 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Calcium
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Normal Calcium
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Mild Increase -Calcium
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
Moderate Increase -Calcium
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Severe Increase -Calcium
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Erythrocytes are Red Blood Cells (RBC), which carry hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron and globular proteins and acts to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The RBC is normally produced in the bone marrow, but other sites of production, such as the spleen, may become evident in times of extreme need.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
The Hematocrit (HCT) test, also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), is the percentage of the blood that is made up by red blood cells.
38.3-56.5 %
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Hematocrit (PCV)
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
Increased Hematocrit (PCV)
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Hemoglobin is the substance within the red blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. In fact, the red blood cell can be thought of as just a bag of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin count is affected by the number of red blood cells and also the concentration of hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
13.4-20.7 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Normal Hemoglobin
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Increased Hemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
The Mean Cell Volume (MCV), is a measure of the average size of your pet's Red Blood Cells (RBC's).
59 - 76 fL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCV
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Normal MCV
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Increased MCV
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Each red cell is like a bag filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the chemical that carries oxygen to the tissues. The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell is indicated by the MCH, (Mean Cell Hemoglobin).
21.9-26.1 pg
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCH
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
Normal MCH
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCH
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of individual red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the substance within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. The concentration of hemoglobin within each cell is as important as the number of red blood cells when it comes to oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
32.6-39.2 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCHC
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Normal MCHC
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCHC
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
White Blood Cell Tests
There are five types of white blood cells in our bodies and the bodies of our pets. These white cells all play roles in the immune system response. They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Elevation or decreases in the number of each type of white blood cell can give us many clues about the health of your pet.
2.87-17.02 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -White Blood Cells
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
Moderate Decrease -White Blood Cells
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
Mild Decrease -White Blood Cells
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
Normal White Blood Cells
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -White Blood Cells
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Moderate Increase -White Blood Cells
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Severe Increase -White Blood Cells
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
Platelets are cell fragments created by the bone marrow and released into the general circulation to aid in the blood clotting process. Platelets are essential for blood clotting and serve like sticky dough balls to plug gaps in vessels.
151-600 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Platelet Count
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Mild Decrease -Platelet Count
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Normal Platelet Count
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Increased Platelet Count
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
This white blood cell is responsible for a large part of the surveillance of the body. It is very non-specific in its actions and any tissue destruction of any type be it bacterial, viral, parasitic or inflammatory will cause activation of the neutrophil. Neutrophils account for 85% of the white blood cells in the body. If their numbers are elevated then it usually means an active infection or inflammation is present.
2.94-12.67 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Neutrophil
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Moderate Decrease -Neutrophil
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Mild Decrease -Neutrophil
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
Normal Neutrophil
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -Neutrophil
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
Moderate Increase -Neutrophil
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
Severe Increase -Neutrophil
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia
is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
Monocytes contribute to the immune system in several ways. They help to remove damaged tissue and debris in severe disease processes. They also assist in antibody production by lymphocytes.
0.13-1.15 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Monocytes
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
Normal Monocytes
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Mild Increase -Monocytes
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
Moderate Increase -Monocytes
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
Severe Increase -Monocytes
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
Eosinophils participate in the immune reaction against parasites such as heartworms, fleas, hookworms and mange. Therefore in the presence of these diseases, the number of eosinophils in the blood will be elevated. Eosinophils are also active during allergic reactions. Therefore these cells will be elevated in the blood of pets with allergies.
0.07-1.49 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Eosinophils
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
Normal Eosinophils
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Eosinophils
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
Moderate Increase -Eosinophils
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Severe Increase -Eosinophils
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell which are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and also circulating in lymph and blood. There are two major types of lymphocyte which perform different roles in the immune system. T-Lymphocytes are responsible for killing viruses, killing cells infected with viruses and killing tumour type cells. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies which help prevent and fight many infectious diseases.
1.06-4.95 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Lymphocyte
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Decrease -Lymphocyte
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild Decrease -Lymphocyte
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Normal Lymphocytes
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Mild Increase -Lymphocyte
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
Moderate Increase -Lymphocyte
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
Severe Increase -Lymphocyte
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Basophils seem to function in a similar fashion as eosinophils because their numbers are elevated with the same disease reactions, yet very few basophils are found in the blood and they seem to be present only in severe cases of allergy or parasitism. Basophils contain the compounds histamine and heparin and during immune responses, these compounds are released. Histamine causes many of the respiratory symptoms of allergy and asthma.
0 - 0.1 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Basophils
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
Normal Basophils
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Increased Basophils
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
Total Body Function STAT
A Total Body Function is an extensive laboratory analysis of the blood. This test provides information regarding the status of infection, internal organ function, electrolyte balance, thyroid status, and red and white blood cell counts. This information is important to evaluate your pet's condition. This test includes screening for thyroid disease.A test with a STAT request implies its’ urgency of immediate attention and highest priority in an emergency, allowing quicker processing of results for diagnosis and treatment. Safari's laboratory is equipped to run samples STAT, meaning your pet does not have to wait 24 hours for potentially lifesaving results.
The following is a description of each test involved. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask any of our healthcare team members.
Liver Function Tests
Total Protein
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Kidney Function Tests
SDMA
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
Pancreas Function Tests
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme which is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of food.
337-1,469 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Amylase
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
Normal Amylase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Amylase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Severe Increase -Amylase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Lipase
Lipase is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of fatty food. Lipase can be released into the blood stream when the pancreas is inflamed. Irritation of the pancreas causes the release of very powerful chemicals (which usually digest our food), into the tissues around the pancreas causing autodigestion of these tissues and subsequent inflammation and pain. Elevation of lipase in the blood, therefore, may be a sign of pancreatitis.
138-755 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Lipase
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Lipase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Lipase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Moderate Increase -Lipase
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
Severe Increase -Lipase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Electrolyte STAT
Additional Electrolyte values for inhouse testing protocol.A test with a STAT request implies its’ urgency of immediate attention and highest priority in an emergency, allowing quicker processing of results for diagnosis and treatment. Safari's laboratory is equipped to run samples STAT, meaning your pet does not have to wait 24 hours for potentially lifesaving results.
ACTH Stimulation
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), also referred to as Corticotropin, is a hormone that is released from the pituitary gland to stimulate the natural production of cortisol. ACTH stimulation is performed to test the level of production of cortisol by the adrenal gland.This is a provocative test where blood is drawn prior to the ACTH injection for the baseline value. Then, ACTH is injected and blood tests are collected at different intervals to determine the response of the adrenal gland. Excessive cortisol production causes Cushing's disease and low cortisol production is called Addison's disease.
– – – – –
Possible Results:
Addison's Disease
Addison's disease is the result of reduced production of cortisol and a reduced response of your pet's body to normal levels of stress. The ACTH test is designed to stimulate cortisol production and your pet's production is below normal.
Cushing's Negative
ACTH stimulation is performed to test the level of production of cortisol by the adrenal gland. An excessive cortisol production causes Cushing's disease. The test results on your pet returned NEGATIVE for the presence of Cushing's disease. Additional tests may be recommended to determine the cause of your pet's problems.
Cushing's Positive
ACTH stimulation is performed to test the level of production of cortisol by the adrenal gland. An excessive cortisol production causes Cushing's disease. The test results on your pet returned POSITIVE for the presence of Cushing's disease. Additional tests may be recommended to determine the type of Cushing's disease so that a therapeutic plan can be formulated.
Inconclusive
The test results on your pet returned INCONCLUSIVE for the presence of Cushing's disease. Additional tests may be recommended and this test may need to be repeated in six months.
Blood Glucose Curve
Your diabetic pet will require blood glucose curves weekly during the initial insulin regulation, followed by curves every 3 to 4 months during the year, after regulation is achieved. The goals of performing this test cannot be achieved with a single, or even two or three glucose determinations, but can be achieved by hourly testing during the time the insulin is affecting your pet. We will check for insulin effectiveness, glucose peak, glucose nadir, and insulin duration during this test. This test will then be used to make recommendations about changes in therapy.Buffy Coat Smear
This is a microscopic examination of the centrifuged, concentrated white blood cells to look for mast cells, which secret a substance that causes secretion of gastric acid. A mast cell tumor is a malignancy that can present with signs of vomiting with blood.Cardiopet NTproBNP
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is released from the heart muscles (ventricles), when they are undergoing increased volume and filling pressures. BNP particularly the N-terminal portion of proBNP (NTproBNP), is a sensitive marker of congestive heart failure and predictor of outcome. This test is very important in helping to distinguish the difference between a pet with heart disease versus some other disease such as respiratory disease.CBC
A CBC (Complete Blood Count), is a routine blood test used to measure and evaluate all 3 cell types: Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC) and Platelets. The results provide indepth information about the number of cells, their size and shape, and appearance.Red Blood Cell Tests
Erythrocytes are Red Blood Cells (RBC), which carry hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron and globular proteins and acts to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The RBC is normally produced in the bone marrow, but other sites of production, such as the spleen, may become evident in times of extreme need.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
The Hematocrit (HCT) test, also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), is the percentage of the blood that is made up by red blood cells.
38.3-56.5 %
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Hematocrit (PCV)
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
Increased Hematocrit (PCV)
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Hemoglobin is the substance within the red blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. In fact, the red blood cell can be thought of as just a bag of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin count is affected by the number of red blood cells and also the concentration of hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
13.4-20.7 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Normal Hemoglobin
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Increased Hemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
The Mean Cell Volume (MCV), is a measure of the average size of your pet's Red Blood Cells (RBC's).
59 - 76 fL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCV
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Normal MCV
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Increased MCV
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Each red cell is like a bag filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the chemical that carries oxygen to the tissues. The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell is indicated by the MCH, (Mean Cell Hemoglobin).
21.9-26.1 pg
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCH
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
Normal MCH
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCH
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of individual red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the substance within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. The concentration of hemoglobin within each cell is as important as the number of red blood cells when it comes to oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
32.6-39.2 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCHC
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Normal MCHC
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCHC
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
White Blood Cell Tests
There are five types of white blood cells in our bodies and the bodies of our pets. These white cells all play roles in the immune system response. They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Elevation or decreases in the number of each type of white blood cell can give us many clues about the health of your pet.
2.87-17.02 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -White Blood Cells
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
Moderate Decrease -White Blood Cells
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
Mild Decrease -White Blood Cells
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
Normal White Blood Cells
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -White Blood Cells
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Moderate Increase -White Blood Cells
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Severe Increase -White Blood Cells
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
Platelets are cell fragments created by the bone marrow and released into the general circulation to aid in the blood clotting process. Platelets are essential for blood clotting and serve like sticky dough balls to plug gaps in vessels.
151-600 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Platelet Count
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Mild Decrease -Platelet Count
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Normal Platelet Count
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Increased Platelet Count
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
This white blood cell is responsible for a large part of the surveillance of the body. It is very non-specific in its actions and any tissue destruction of any type be it bacterial, viral, parasitic or inflammatory will cause activation of the neutrophil. Neutrophils account for 85% of the white blood cells in the body. If their numbers are elevated then it usually means an active infection or inflammation is present.
2.94-12.67 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Neutrophil
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Moderate Decrease -Neutrophil
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Mild Decrease -Neutrophil
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
Normal Neutrophil
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -Neutrophil
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
Moderate Increase -Neutrophil
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
Severe Increase -Neutrophil
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia
is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
Monocytes contribute to the immune system in several ways. They help to remove damaged tissue and debris in severe disease processes. They also assist in antibody production by lymphocytes.
0.13-1.15 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Monocytes
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
Normal Monocytes
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Mild Increase -Monocytes
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
Moderate Increase -Monocytes
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
Severe Increase -Monocytes
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
Eosinophils participate in the immune reaction against parasites such as heartworms, fleas, hookworms and mange. Therefore in the presence of these diseases, the number of eosinophils in the blood will be elevated. Eosinophils are also active during allergic reactions. Therefore these cells will be elevated in the blood of pets with allergies.
0.07-1.49 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Eosinophils
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
Normal Eosinophils
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Eosinophils
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
Moderate Increase -Eosinophils
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Severe Increase -Eosinophils
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell which are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and also circulating in lymph and blood. There are two major types of lymphocyte which perform different roles in the immune system. T-Lymphocytes are responsible for killing viruses, killing cells infected with viruses and killing tumour type cells. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies which help prevent and fight many infectious diseases.
1.06-4.95 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Lymphocyte
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Decrease -Lymphocyte
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild Decrease -Lymphocyte
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Normal Lymphocytes
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Mild Increase -Lymphocyte
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
Moderate Increase -Lymphocyte
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
Severe Increase -Lymphocyte
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Basophils seem to function in a similar fashion as eosinophils because their numbers are elevated with the same disease reactions, yet very few basophils are found in the blood and they seem to be present only in severe cases of allergy or parasitism. Basophils contain the compounds histamine and heparin and during immune responses, these compounds are released. Histamine causes many of the respiratory symptoms of allergy and asthma.
0 - 0.1 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Basophils
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
Normal Basophils
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Increased Basophils
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
Culture and Sensitivity
The Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) test is used to determine the type of bacteria present in an infection and the appropriate antibiotic needed to kill the bacteria.First (Culture): The sample (possibly) containing bacteria is isolated and grown in a culture medium.
Second (Sensitivity): Different antibiotics are tested against the bacteria growth to rule out the least effective and determine the most effective antibiotic for treatment.
Normal Culture: There was no bacteria growth in the sample provided, therefore, there is no need for antibiotic treatment.
Cytology
Cytology is the study of cells. This test can be performed in our hospital or may be sent to an outside lab. Cytology can help determine the underlying cause of a lesion and is an invaluable aid in the diagnosis of your pet.Titer
A titer is a test to determine protective antibody levels or degree of exposure to a disease. We usually use antibody titers to measure the effectiveness of vaccination to diseases such as Canine Distemper. We will recommend this test when we are considering whether to vaccinate your pet or not based on your pet's titer or level of protection. Recently some universities have been recommending a three-year vaccination interval for Distemper and there is evidence that the immunization may be good for this period.A vaccine titer is a blood test that measures the antibody level a dog is carrying against a certain virus. This test will ensure that the immunization may be good for three years. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
*We recommend vaccinating after three (3) years.
There are two methods of measuring antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood) must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective:
Hemagglutination Inhibition: > or =1:80
Serum Neutralization: > or =1:20
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
DTM Testing
DTM Testing is the abbreviation for Dermatophyte Test Media. This is a special growth media used to determine if your pet has ringworm. Ringworm is a fungus that will grow in the DTM media. A small sample of your pet's hair is collected from the area of the lesion and placed on the media. The media will change color when a pathogenic (disease causing) variety of fungus is grown. This test may require five to twenty days to complete.– – – – –
Results:
Positive
The fungus causing ringworm DID grow from the sample of your pet's hair.
Negative
The fungus causing ringworm did NOT grow from the sample of your pet's hair.
Fructosamine
Fructosamine is useful for monitoring the response to therapy in diabetic patients because persistent changes in glucose are reflected more rapidly. The fructosamine is a reflection of the level of control of your pet's diabetic condition. If the value is above normal then further more specific tests such as a glucose curve may be recommended.
177-314 µmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Fructosamine
A decrease in fructosamine could be due to prolonged hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism or insulin overdose.
A decrease in fructosamine could be due to prolonged hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism or insulin overdose.
Normal Fructosamine
Your pet passed this test; fructosamine levels are within the normal range value.
Your pet passed this test; fructosamine levels are within the normal range value.
Increased Fructosamine
An increase in fructosamine is due to diabetes mellitus, hemolysis (certain methodologies) or insulin overdose (with Somogyi rebound effect).
An increase in fructosamine is due to diabetes mellitus, hemolysis (certain methodologies) or insulin overdose (with Somogyi rebound effect).
Fructosamine levels in diabetic cats and dogs
300 - 350 excellent glycemic control350 - 400 good
400 - 450 fair
over 450 poor (not enough insulin)
less 250 prolonged hypoglycemia (too much insulin)
High dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
This is a test that is done in pets with Cushing's disease that have high cortisone levels. The high cortisone levels may be from disease of the pituitary gland or disease of the adrenal gland. A high dose of dexamethasone will cause the cortisone to decrease in the case of pituitary disease and will not cause cortisone to decrease in the case of adrenal disease. If the values suggest adrenal disease, an ultrasound may be recommended.Histopathology
Histopathology is the study of the function and structure of tissues as they are affected by disease on a minute, cellular level. Biopsy material is taken and sent to a reference laboratory for preparation and fixation. A board certified histopathologist will examine the cells and architecture of the tissue to render a diagnostic impression of the disease process in your pet. A written report will follow within several days. Additional treatment, if needed, will be based on these results.Modified Water Deprivation Test
Rule out other causes of polyuria and polydipsia (especially hyperadrenocorticism). Begin water restriction 3 days before abrupt water deprivation.Day1: 130-165ml/kg/day
Day2: 100-125ml/kg/day
Day3: 65-70ml/kg/day
The morning of the fourth day, discontinue food and water; Start the test. Weigh the patient and empty the bladder. Weigh at 1-2 hour intervals. Monitor carefully for dehydration and depression. When 5% of body weight is lost or azotemia develops, empty the bladder and check urine specific gravity. Consider plasma vasopressin determination at this point.
If the urine specific gravity is > 1/025 stop the test; the patient does not have diabetes insipidus.
If the urine specific gravity is not > 1.025 administer 0.55U/kg aqueous vasopressin IM up to 5U.
Empty the bladder and check urine specific gravity at 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-administration. If urine specific gravity increases < 10%, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is indicated. If it increases 10-50%, partial central diabetes insipidus is indicated, if it increases 50-800% complete central diabetes insipidus is indicated.
Parvovirus Tests
Parvovirus Fecal Test
The parvovirus test is when a sample of feces is taken to determine the presence of the parvovirus in the pet's stool.
Parvovirus Titer
A Parvovirus Titer test is used to measure the antibody level your pet is carrying against the Parvovirus.
There are two methods of measuring parvovirus antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood), must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective: Hemagglutination Inhibition titer of 1:80 or more. Serum Neutralization titer of 1:20 or more.
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
Many veterinarians do not feel it is useful to run titers until this issue is resolved (i.e. there is more to protection than an antibody level; there is an entire immune system involved and there is no simple way to assess the entire immune system).
Some clients find it cost ineffective to recommend titers prior to vaccination (it costs a great deal more to run the titer than to simply give the vaccination. If the titer is adequate, the worst possible outcome is that the vaccine will be ineffective).
Other clients question whether or not it is harmless to give annual vaccinations when there is already adequate immunity present.
At this time there is no single answer to this issue and we recommend discussing this issue with us to determine what is best for your pet.
There are two methods of measuring parvovirus antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood), must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective: Hemagglutination Inhibition titer of 1:80 or more. Serum Neutralization titer of 1:20 or more.
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
Many veterinarians do not feel it is useful to run titers until this issue is resolved (i.e. there is more to protection than an antibody level; there is an entire immune system involved and there is no simple way to assess the entire immune system).
Some clients find it cost ineffective to recommend titers prior to vaccination (it costs a great deal more to run the titer than to simply give the vaccination. If the titer is adequate, the worst possible outcome is that the vaccine will be ineffective).
Other clients question whether or not it is harmless to give annual vaccinations when there is already adequate immunity present.
At this time there is no single answer to this issue and we recommend discussing this issue with us to determine what is best for your pet.
Parvo Vaccines
Three Year Parvo Vaccine
We recommend a Parvovirus Booster vaccination for your pet every three years. Recently some universities have been recommending a three-year vaccination interval for parvovirus. The immunization may be good for this period. Vaccine titers (blood tests of immunity), ensure this is the case in each individual pet. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last for several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
*We recommend a Parvovirus Booster vaccination for all pets at risk, e.g. outdoor pets and pets that will come in contact with other animals.
*We recommend a Parvovirus Booster vaccination for all pets at risk, e.g. outdoor pets and pets that will come in contact with other animals.
Yearly Parvo Vaccine
We recommend a Parvovirus Booster vaccination for your pet every year, particularly for all pets at risk, e.g. outdoor pets and pets that will come in contact with other animals. Yearly re-vaccination is also recommended by the vaccine manufacturer and FDA, however, recent evidence suggests that adult pets have longer immunity and that revaccination on an every other year or every three year basis may be adequate. Recently, some universities have been recommending a three-year vaccination interval for parvovirus. The immunization may be good for this period. Vaccine titers (blood tests of immunity), ensure this is the case in each individual pet. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last for several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
Phenobarbital Level
Phenobarbital administration must be individualized for your pet. We recommend achieving a steady state of the medication by dosing your pet for thirty days. This is followed by testing to determine the blood level of phenobarbital in your pet. We recommend this testing twice a year while your pet is on phenobarbital.Thyroid Test
Thyroid testing is performed because the thyroid is an important gland responsible for the level of metabolic activity of the body. Hyperthyroidism is common in older pets (in particular cats) and is the cause of high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart disease. Occasionally, low-circulating blood thyroid hormone can be associated with slow heart rates and first-degree heart block.The thyroid gland regulates the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal tissue formation. The skin is the most rapidly dividing tissue and, therefore, many skin diseases may be caused or worsened by abnormal thyroid function.
Low thyroid hormone is the most common hormonal cause of skin and ear disease in dogs. Thyroid involvement should be suspected in any pet with both skin and ear disease, as well as any ear disease that involves excessive wax production.
The Thyroid (T4) Test is a test that evaluates thyroid function. Hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4); T4 being the primary hormone produced in response to stimulation by the pituitary gland.
1 - 4 µg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
Normal (T4) Thyroid Hormone
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Increased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
Liver Function Tests
LDH
A Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally lives in tissue cells. When tissue cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of LDH within the plasma. Even though LDH is a test for no specific tissue, it is used to help determine if damage has occurred to a tissue that does not have a more specific test. For example, we have tests that are specific for damage to the liver, muscles, pancreas, gall bladder, and kidney; however, occasionally damage to another tissue, such as the intestine, may cause elevations that are significant in the detection of hidden disease.
20-500 u/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal LDH
Your pet passed this test! The LDH levels in your pet are normal.
Your pet passed this test! The LDH levels in your pet are normal.
Mild Increase -LDH
A mild increase in LDH are not usually indicative of a serious disease. Falsely elevated values may be found in normal animals that have just eaten, exercised or struggled when the blood was drawn.
A mild increase in LDH are not usually indicative of a serious disease. Falsely elevated values may be found in normal animals that have just eaten, exercised or struggled when the blood was drawn.
Moderate Increase -LDH
A moderate to severe increase in LDH, without concurrent elevations in other serum enzymes, may indicate a hidden disease such as cancer. We recommend a thorough diagnostic search for occult illness. This work-up should include radiographs and ultrasound, as well as extensive blood and urine tests.
A moderate to severe increase in LDH, without concurrent elevations in other serum enzymes, may indicate a hidden disease such as cancer. We recommend a thorough diagnostic search for occult illness. This work-up should include radiographs and ultrasound, as well as extensive blood and urine tests.
Severe Increase -LDH
A severe increase in LDH, without concurrent elevations in other serum enzymes, may indicate a hidden disease such as cancer. We recommend a thorough diagnostic search for occult illness. This work-up should include radiographs and ultrasound as well as extensive blood and urine tests.
A severe increase in LDH, without concurrent elevations in other serum enzymes, may indicate a hidden disease such as cancer. We recommend a thorough diagnostic search for occult illness. This work-up should include radiographs and ultrasound as well as extensive blood and urine tests.
AST (SGOT)
An (AST) Aspartate Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), that usually lives only within the cells of the liver. When this chemical is found in the blood, it is an indication that severe damage to a certain number of liver cells has occurred. Elevations of this enzyme are more serious than the elevation of the ALT because the AST is a part of the inner-cellular machinery and usually cell death must occur before it leaks from the liver. AST is also found in muscle cells, and uncommonly, this test indicates muscle disease.
16 - 55 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal AST (SGOT)
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Mild Increase -AST (SGOT)
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -AST (SGOT)
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -AST (SGOT)
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
ALT (SGPT)
An (ALT) Alanine Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally lives in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of ALT within the plasma and elevations indicate liver disease, but do not necessarily correlate with the degree of liver disease. A moderate increase in these levels may also be caused by administration of glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants without appreciable liver damage.
18-121 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALT (SGPT)
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Mild Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
ALP
An Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of Serum Amyloid P Component (SAP), within the plasma. The alkaline phosphatase test result is elevated when disease of the liver, and in particular the gall bladder, is present. Alkaline phosphatase is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants, however, this elevation does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Elevations of the alkaline phosphatase are also present and normal in young, growing pets. Excessive internal production of cortisol due to hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease), is a common cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase.
5 - 160 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALP
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Mild Increase -ALP
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALP
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALP
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
GGT
A Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is contained in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of GGT within the plasma. The GGT test result can be elevated with disease of the liver, and in particular, the gall bladder. GGT is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants. This elevation, however, does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Excessive internal production of cortisol is a common cause of elevated GGT, which is called hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease).
0 - 13 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal GGT
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Mild Increase -GGT
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Total Protein
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
Albumin
This is a test for the blood protein Albumin. Albumin is produced by the liver and is important for keeping water in the blood vessels and transporting certain chemicals in the blood.
2.7-3.9 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Albumin
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Normal Albumin
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
Increased Albumin
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
Globulin
This is a test for the blood protein Globulin. Globulins (also known as antibodies), are an important part of the immune system and are involved in fighting off infections.
2.4-4.0 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Globulin
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Normal Globulin
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Increased Globulin
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
Bile Acid Test
The Bile Acid Test is a determination of liver and gall bladder function in your pet. Bile acids undergo a circular path from the liver to the gall bladder, through the bile ducts to the small intestine, and then into the blood. Once in the blood, the bile acids are processed by the liver and stored back again in the gall bladder. Bile acids increase in the blood stream after a meal. When the gall bladder empties, bile acids decrease as the liver processes them. Blood values can determine the effectiveness of the liver in this process, which is an indication of the overall liver function.First, the pet is fasted. Blood will then be drawn from your pet, pre- and post- meal, to accurately measure the bile acid levels before and after eating.
If the bile acid levels are high, the liver isn't functioning properly and isn’t removing the bile acids from the blood.
7 - 95 µmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Bile Acid
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that the functional properties of your pet's liver are normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that the functional properties of your pet's liver are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Bile Acid
Mildly increased bile acid levels indicate a mild reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made. If your pet is not ill nor showing signs of liver disease at this time, we recommend repeating this test in 14 days to determine the trend of the disease before performing a liver biopsy.
Mildly increased bile acid levels indicate a mild reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made. If your pet is not ill nor showing signs of liver disease at this time, we recommend repeating this test in 14 days to determine the trend of the disease before performing a liver biopsy.
Moderate Increase -Bile Acid
Moderately increased bile acid levels indicate a moderate reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. We recommend that either an ultrasound-guided biopsy or an exploratory, surgical biopsy be performed. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Moderately increased bile acid levels indicate a moderate reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. We recommend that either an ultrasound-guided biopsy or an exploratory, surgical biopsy be performed. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Severe Increase -Bile Acid
Severely increased bile acid levels indicate a severe reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Severely increased bile acid levels indicate a severe reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Increased Bile Acid
Portosystemic shunts are congenitally abnormal blood vessels that bypass the liver allowing the blood from the intestines to bypass the normal detoxification process. This toxin rich blood can cause adverse effects on the brain, resulting in neurologic signs (signs of the nervous system). Examples of these signs are: wandering, apparent blindness, head pressing, seizures and drooling in young animals shortly after a meal. Other indications you may see in the pet include slow growth from an early age, excessive thirst and drinking, voracious appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.
Portosystemic shunts are congenitally abnormal blood vessels that bypass the liver allowing the blood from the intestines to bypass the normal detoxification process. This toxin rich blood can cause adverse effects on the brain, resulting in neurologic signs (signs of the nervous system). Examples of these signs are: wandering, apparent blindness, head pressing, seizures and drooling in young animals shortly after a meal. Other indications you may see in the pet include slow growth from an early age, excessive thirst and drinking, voracious appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.
Bilirubin -Total
This is a test for blood bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is released when red blood cells are destroyed and is then processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile and finally secreted into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and are then recycled (conjugated) by the liver.
0.0-0.3 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Total
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Bilirubin -Conjugated
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of direct bilirubin indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease or bile duct disease. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition know as icterus or jaundice. Obstruction of the bile duct or gall bladder with stones or sludge, as well as moderate to severe inflammation of the liver, can cause elevation of bilirubin.
0.0-0.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Conjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition know as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
High dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
This is a test that is done in pets with Cushing's disease that have high cortisone levels. The high cortisone levels may be from disease of the pituitary gland or disease of the adrenal gland. A high dose of dexamethasone will cause the cortisone to decrease in the case of pituitary disease and will not cause cortisone to decrease in the case of adrenal disease. If the values suggest adrenal disease, an ultrasound may be recommended.Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase -Cushing's
The Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP), is commonly elevated in the presence of excessive cortisol or Cushing's disease. This enzyme is produced in the liver and normally indicates bile duct illness in the absence of Cushing's disease. With a pet that has Cushing's, disease the excessive cortisol induces the production of an "isoenzyme" that mimics the SAP on the laboratory tests. A routine blood screen does not discriminate between these two types of SAP, therefore, elevated levels can indicate either gall bladder disease or Cushing's disease. There is a special test for this isoenzyme that may be requested from the laboratory.Uric Acid
The uric acid test measures the uric acid level in the urine. In excess, can cause urate bladder and kidney stones. The cause of urate stones is due to a defective metabolism and the liver’s inability to convert the uric acid to allantoin. Primarily, Dalmatians are most susceptible, but English Bulldogs and Yorkshire Terriers are also predisposed to this condition. This test is also effective in monitoring the pet’s response to therapy with allopurinol.
2.1-10.0 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Uric Acid
Your pet’s uric acid level is within the normal range and your pet is not at risk of forming urate stones.
Your pet’s uric acid level is within the normal range and your pet is not at risk of forming urate stones.
Increased Uric Acid
An increased uric acid level in the urine is a result of a genetic disorder or excessive consumption of high purine foods; such as beef, poultry and/or fish.
An increased uric acid level in the urine is a result of a genetic disorder or excessive consumption of high purine foods; such as beef, poultry and/or fish.
Recommendations: Uric acid is a byproduct of purines; therefore, we recommend a low purine diet, avoiding large amounts of beef, poultry and fish.
Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
This is a test to screen your pet for both the presence of Cushing's disease and to acquire information about the likelihood of there being an adrenal gland tumor as the cause of Cushing's disease in your pet. It involves giving a small dose of Dexamethasone to your pet, and then evaluating the effect this dose has on the production of cortisol by your pet.The test is performed starting in the morning with a small 0.01mg/kg IV injection of Dexamethasone, given after a blood sample is taken for baseline cortisol levels. Then a sample of blood is taken at 4 hours and again at 8 hours, from the time the injection was administered.
– – – – –
Results:
- If the cortisol production is stopped or lowered for more than 8 hours, your pet is normal.
- If the cortisol production is not affected by the dexamethasone injection, your pet likely has an adrenal tumor.
- If the cortisol goes down initially, but rebounds within 8 hours, your pet most likely has Cushing's disease from the pituitary gland.
Kidney Function Tests
Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio
The Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UPC) test helps to measure proper kidney function by measuring the degree of protein abnormally passed in the urine (proteinuria), as compared to the correct amount of creatinine present in the blood. Proper kidney function prevents protein loss, while filtering creatinine from the blood and allowing it to pass out of the body in the urine. This test helps to determine the severity of disease to the kidneys from a functional aspect.
<0.5-1
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased UPC
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
Normal UPC
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Increased UPC
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
BUN
The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of kidney function. Urea is produced through the breakdown of proteins and is excreted via the kidneys into the urine.
9 - 31 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased BUN
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Normal BUN
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
Mild Increase -BUN
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -BUN
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -BUN
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Creatinine
This is a test for kidney function. Creatinine is an amino acid that is released into the blood at a constant rate from muscle cells and then filtered into the urine at a constant rate by the kidneys.
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Creatinine
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Normal Creatinine
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Creatinine
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -Creatinine
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -Creatinine
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
SDMA
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
BUN/Creatinine Ratio
This test is used to evaluate the ratio of BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), in relation to Creatinine.– – – – –
Possible Results:
- If both are increased, then decreased, glomerular filtration is established.
- An increased BUN with decreased creatinine: can indicate early azotemia with decreased muscle mass.
- A drecreased BUN with increased creatinine: may indicate hepatic insufficiency, low protein diet or trauma.
Further evaluation of all the values is recommended.
Electrolyte Function Tests
Sodium
Sodium is an important electrolyte involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the total amount of fluid in the tissues and blood vessels.
142-152 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Sodium
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Sodium
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Increased Sodium
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Potassium
Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps with normal muscle and nerve function.
4.0-5.4 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Potassium
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Potassium
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Mild Increase -Potassium
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Chloride
Chloride is an electrolyte which is an important component of stomach acid (Hydrochloric acid).
108-119 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Chloride
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Normal Chloride
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Increased Chloride
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
CO2
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), is the end product of metabolism for the body. Normally, carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by blood, where it is exhaled. The carbon dioxide also forms bicarbonate, which is used to help maintain the correct acid/base environment in the body. This bicarbonate decreases when the body becomes more acid and increases when the body becomes more alkaline. Acid conditions are caused by severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea and any other severe illness. Alkaline conditions are caused by excessive panting (uncommon), or hydrochloric acid loss as a result of severe vomiting.
15-25 mmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Moderate Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Normal CO2
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Mild Increase -CO2
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Pancreas Function Tests
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is an essential building block of many important chemicals and hormones of the body. It is the basic structure component of cortisol, oestrogen, testosterone and many other chemicals. Cholesterol plaques do not occur in our pets because of their relatively short life span. Therefore, the concerns of cholesterol elevations in pets are not the same as they are in humans.
131-345 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Normal Cholesterol
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
Mild Increase -Cholesterol
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
Moderate Increase -Cholesterol
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
Severe Increase -Cholesterol
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme which is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of food.
337-1,469 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Amylase
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
Normal Amylase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Amylase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Severe Increase -Amylase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Lipase
Lipase is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of fatty food. Lipase can be released into the blood stream when the pancreas is inflamed. Irritation of the pancreas causes the release of very powerful chemicals (which usually digest our food), into the tissues around the pancreas causing autodigestion of these tissues and subsequent inflammation and pain. Elevation of lipase in the blood, therefore, may be a sign of pancreatitis.
138-755 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Lipase
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Lipase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Lipase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Moderate Increase -Lipase
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
Severe Increase -Lipase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Glucose
Blood glucose (a type of sugar), is the primary energy source for the body. Glucose enters the cells of the body with the help of (body producing) insulin and is an essential constituent of blood. If blood glucose values fall below normal your pet becomes weak, as it falls lower your pet may be very weak, exhibit tremors, seizures or coma; and if glucose falls very low for an extended time, it may be fatal. To determine blood glucose levels, a simple in-hospital test can be done using a small drop of blood (beneficial to kittens and puppies, as a large amount of blood is not required).
63-114 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Glucose
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can come on suddenly and include: loss of appetite, trembling, weakness, increased urination and thirst, cold-white gums (vs. warm, pink gums), behavioral changes, lack of energy, response time and coordination; as well as involuntary twitching, seizures and partial paralysis of hindquarters. Severe hypoglycemia, if left untreated, will ultimately affect brain functions, organs and eventually lead to unconsciousness followed by death (severe symptoms are also seen with insulin overdose).
Causes
Hypoglycemia is known to be caused by liver inflammation or cancer, Portosystemic shunt, prolonged vigorous exercise, malnutrition, artificial sweetener toxicity, over administration of insulin, and elapsed meal time in kittens, puppies and notably toy (small) breeds.
Diagnosis
In addition to a physical exam and blood glucose test, we may recommend additional tests to rule out and/or determine the underlying cause. Specifically, liver, kidney and pancreas blood tests may be performed to evaluate organ function. Other related blood test and a urinalysis may also be needed for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Puppy Hypoglycemia
Puppies are highly susceptible to hypoglycemia; especially small breed and toy breed pups. The reason being, they have less muscle mass compared to that of a large breed dog; therefore, it is harder for their body to maintain proper glucose levels. Regular meal times are imperative, because missing just one meal can bring on a sudden episode of hypoglycemia in a puppy. The signs to look for include: lethargic, trembling, stumbling and non-responsiveness. You need to immediately give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (repeating once or twice). You should begin to see improvement in a few minutes, if you do not, then you need to seek veterinary care immediately!
Insulin Overdose | Caring for your diabetic pet
One of the main causes of hypoglycemia in diabetic pets is inadvertently over administration of insulin. To prevent the possibility of double dosing, it’s a good idea for only one family member to be in charge of administering insulin to your pet. It is important to administer the insulin at the same time(s) each day; scheduling at meal time is a good way to remember. Missing a dose is insignificant, but overdosing can be fatal! Watch for the warning signs as they can come on quickly: stumbling (as if drunk), muscle tremors, weakness, nervousness, unusual behavior, anxiety and pupil dilation. If your pet is experiencing these signs, immediately feed your pet! If your pet will not eat, you need to give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (you can also do this if your pet is unconscious). You can repeat this process by giving them more honey/syrup, but do not give them insulin, this could result in death! In the event of unconsciousness and your pet responds, feed him/her right away and seek veterinary care. If your pet does not respond at all after giving him/her honey or syrup, seek veterinary care immediately! In the event your pet has remained conscious, yet with symptoms, as soon as they are alert and able, feed them a meal of their regular food.
Normal Glucose
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Increased Glucose
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are the chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. Triglycerides in plasma are derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates. Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored. Hormones regulate the release of triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet the body's needs for energy between meals.
20-150 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Triglycerides
A decrease in tryglycerides are not usually a problem clinically, but may rarely be associated with digestive disease such as malabsorption.
A decrease in tryglycerides are not usually a problem clinically, but may rarely be associated with digestive disease such as malabsorption.
Normal Triglycerides
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's triglyceride levels are within the normal value range.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's triglyceride levels are within the normal value range.
Mild Increase -Triglycerides
A mild increase in triglycerides may be due to the collection sample taken shortly after eating a meal. It may also be due to low thyroid function, high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level will be recommended. Additionally, early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood may cause increased triglycerides.
A mild increase in triglycerides may be due to the collection sample taken shortly after eating a meal. It may also be due to low thyroid function, high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level will be recommended. Additionally, early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood may cause increased triglycerides.
Moderate Increase -Triglycerides
A moderate increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding.
A moderate increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding.
Severe Increase -Triglycerides
A severe increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level, as well as checks for early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood are indicates. There is also a particular syndrome of the kidneys that will cause high tryglycerides called nephrotic syndrome.
A severe increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level, as well as checks for early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood are indicates. There is also a particular syndrome of the kidneys that will cause high tryglycerides called nephrotic syndrome.
Spec cPL
Specific Canine Pancreatic Lipase (Spec cPL), is produced by the acinar cells of the pancreas. Its function is breakdown of dietary triglycerides in the intestines. The spec cPL is a quantative assay measuring the amount of pancreatic specific lipase in the blood.
20-150 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Spec cPL
A decrease in pancreatic specific lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in pancreatic specific lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Spec cPL
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Spec cPL
A mild increase in pancreatic specific lipase is indicative of pancreatic inflammation.
A mild increase in pancreatic specific lipase is indicative of pancreatic inflammation.
Moderate Increase -Spec cPL
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
Severe Increase -Spec cPL
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio
The Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UPC) test helps to measure proper kidney function by measuring the degree of protein abnormally passed in the urine (proteinuria), as compared to the correct amount of creatinine present in the blood. Proper kidney function prevents protein loss, while filtering creatinine from the blood and allowing it to pass out of the body in the urine. This test helps to determine the severity of disease to the kidneys from a functional aspect.
<0.5-1
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased UPC
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
Normal UPC
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Increased UPC
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
BUN
The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of kidney function. Urea is produced through the breakdown of proteins and is excreted via the kidneys into the urine.
9 - 31 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased BUN
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Normal BUN
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
Mild Increase -BUN
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -BUN
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -BUN
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Creatinine
This is a test for kidney function. Creatinine is an amino acid that is released into the blood at a constant rate from muscle cells and then filtered into the urine at a constant rate by the kidneys.
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Creatinine
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Normal Creatinine
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Creatinine
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -Creatinine
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -Creatinine
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
SDMA
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
BUN/Creatinine Ratio
This test is used to evaluate the ratio of BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), in relation to Creatinine.– – – – –
Possible Results:
- If both are increased, then decreased, glomerular filtration is established.
- An increased BUN with decreased creatinine: can indicate early azotemia with decreased muscle mass.
- A drecreased BUN with increased creatinine: may indicate hepatic insufficiency, low protein diet or trauma.
Further evaluation of all the values is recommended.
Sodium
Sodium is an important electrolyte involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the total amount of fluid in the tissues and blood vessels.
142-152 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Sodium
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Sodium
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Increased Sodium
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Potassium
Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps with normal muscle and nerve function.
4.0-5.4 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Potassium
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Potassium
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Mild Increase -Potassium
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Chloride
Chloride is an electrolyte which is an important component of stomach acid (Hydrochloric acid).
108-119 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Chloride
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Normal Chloride
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Increased Chloride
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
CO2
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), is the end product of metabolism for the body. Normally, carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by blood, where it is exhaled. The carbon dioxide also forms bicarbonate, which is used to help maintain the correct acid/base environment in the body. This bicarbonate decreases when the body becomes more acid and increases when the body becomes more alkaline. Acid conditions are caused by severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea and any other severe illness. Alkaline conditions are caused by excessive panting (uncommon), or hydrochloric acid loss as a result of severe vomiting.
15-25 mmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Moderate Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Normal CO2
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Mild Increase -CO2
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is an essential building block of many important chemicals and hormones of the body. It is the basic structure component of cortisol, oestrogen, testosterone and many other chemicals. Cholesterol plaques do not occur in our pets because of their relatively short life span. Therefore, the concerns of cholesterol elevations in pets are not the same as they are in humans.
131-345 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Normal Cholesterol
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
Mild Increase -Cholesterol
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
Moderate Increase -Cholesterol
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
Severe Increase -Cholesterol
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme which is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of food.
337-1,469 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Amylase
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
Normal Amylase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Amylase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Severe Increase -Amylase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Lipase
Lipase is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of fatty food. Lipase can be released into the blood stream when the pancreas is inflamed. Irritation of the pancreas causes the release of very powerful chemicals (which usually digest our food), into the tissues around the pancreas causing autodigestion of these tissues and subsequent inflammation and pain. Elevation of lipase in the blood, therefore, may be a sign of pancreatitis.
138-755 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Lipase
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Lipase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Lipase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Moderate Increase -Lipase
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
Severe Increase -Lipase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Glucose
Blood glucose (a type of sugar), is the primary energy source for the body. Glucose enters the cells of the body with the help of (body producing) insulin and is an essential constituent of blood. If blood glucose values fall below normal your pet becomes weak, as it falls lower your pet may be very weak, exhibit tremors, seizures or coma; and if glucose falls very low for an extended time, it may be fatal. To determine blood glucose levels, a simple in-hospital test can be done using a small drop of blood (beneficial to kittens and puppies, as a large amount of blood is not required).
63-114 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Glucose
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can come on suddenly and include: loss of appetite, trembling, weakness, increased urination and thirst, cold-white gums (vs. warm, pink gums), behavioral changes, lack of energy, response time and coordination; as well as involuntary twitching, seizures and partial paralysis of hindquarters. Severe hypoglycemia, if left untreated, will ultimately affect brain functions, organs and eventually lead to unconsciousness followed by death (severe symptoms are also seen with insulin overdose).
Causes
Hypoglycemia is known to be caused by liver inflammation or cancer, Portosystemic shunt, prolonged vigorous exercise, malnutrition, artificial sweetener toxicity, over administration of insulin, and elapsed meal time in kittens, puppies and notably toy (small) breeds.
Diagnosis
In addition to a physical exam and blood glucose test, we may recommend additional tests to rule out and/or determine the underlying cause. Specifically, liver, kidney and pancreas blood tests may be performed to evaluate organ function. Other related blood test and a urinalysis may also be needed for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Puppy Hypoglycemia
Puppies are highly susceptible to hypoglycemia; especially small breed and toy breed pups. The reason being, they have less muscle mass compared to that of a large breed dog; therefore, it is harder for their body to maintain proper glucose levels. Regular meal times are imperative, because missing just one meal can bring on a sudden episode of hypoglycemia in a puppy. The signs to look for include: lethargic, trembling, stumbling and non-responsiveness. You need to immediately give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (repeating once or twice). You should begin to see improvement in a few minutes, if you do not, then you need to seek veterinary care immediately!
Insulin Overdose | Caring for your diabetic pet
One of the main causes of hypoglycemia in diabetic pets is inadvertently over administration of insulin. To prevent the possibility of double dosing, it’s a good idea for only one family member to be in charge of administering insulin to your pet. It is important to administer the insulin at the same time(s) each day; scheduling at meal time is a good way to remember. Missing a dose is insignificant, but overdosing can be fatal! Watch for the warning signs as they can come on quickly: stumbling (as if drunk), muscle tremors, weakness, nervousness, unusual behavior, anxiety and pupil dilation. If your pet is experiencing these signs, immediately feed your pet! If your pet will not eat, you need to give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (you can also do this if your pet is unconscious). You can repeat this process by giving them more honey/syrup, but do not give them insulin, this could result in death! In the event of unconsciousness and your pet responds, feed him/her right away and seek veterinary care. If your pet does not respond at all after giving him/her honey or syrup, seek veterinary care immediately! In the event your pet has remained conscious, yet with symptoms, as soon as they are alert and able, feed them a meal of their regular food.
Normal Glucose
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Increased Glucose
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are the chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. Triglycerides in plasma are derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates. Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored. Hormones regulate the release of triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet the body's needs for energy between meals.
20-150 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Triglycerides
A decrease in tryglycerides are not usually a problem clinically, but may rarely be associated with digestive disease such as malabsorption.
A decrease in tryglycerides are not usually a problem clinically, but may rarely be associated with digestive disease such as malabsorption.
Normal Triglycerides
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's triglyceride levels are within the normal value range.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's triglyceride levels are within the normal value range.
Mild Increase -Triglycerides
A mild increase in triglycerides may be due to the collection sample taken shortly after eating a meal. It may also be due to low thyroid function, high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level will be recommended. Additionally, early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood may cause increased triglycerides.
A mild increase in triglycerides may be due to the collection sample taken shortly after eating a meal. It may also be due to low thyroid function, high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level will be recommended. Additionally, early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood may cause increased triglycerides.
Moderate Increase -Triglycerides
A moderate increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding.
A moderate increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding.
Severe Increase -Triglycerides
A severe increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level, as well as checks for early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood are indicates. There is also a particular syndrome of the kidneys that will cause high tryglycerides called nephrotic syndrome.
A severe increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level, as well as checks for early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood are indicates. There is also a particular syndrome of the kidneys that will cause high tryglycerides called nephrotic syndrome.
Spec cPL
Specific Canine Pancreatic Lipase (Spec cPL), is produced by the acinar cells of the pancreas. Its function is breakdown of dietary triglycerides in the intestines. The spec cPL is a quantative assay measuring the amount of pancreatic specific lipase in the blood.
20-150 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Spec cPL
A decrease in pancreatic specific lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in pancreatic specific lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Spec cPL
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Spec cPL
A mild increase in pancreatic specific lipase is indicative of pancreatic inflammation.
A mild increase in pancreatic specific lipase is indicative of pancreatic inflammation.
Moderate Increase -Spec cPL
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
Severe Increase -Spec cPL
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
Muscle and Bones
CPK
Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK), also referred to as Creatine Kinase (CK), is an enzyme found in normal muscle cells. This is a test for muscle damage. It can be elevated after extreme exertion, trauma or from toxins such as those found in snake venoms.
10-200 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased CPK
Not clinically significant
Not clinically significant
Normal CPK
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
Mild Increase -CPK
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
Moderate Increase -CPK
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
Severe Increase -CPK
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
Calcium
Calcium is a mineral which is necessary for proper muscle contraction, proper bone formation and proper kidney function as well as many other functions of the body.
8.4-11.8 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Calcium
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Normal Calcium
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Mild Increase -Calcium
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
Moderate Increase -Calcium
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Severe Increase -Calcium
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Magnesium
Primarily found in the bones and muscles, many metabolic functions are dependent on magnesium.
1.5-2.5 mg/dl
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Magnesium
Decreased magnesium can be caused from loss from the kidneys mainly due to diuretics or may be associated with Hypoparathyroidism. A decrease in magnesium can cause weakness.
Decreased magnesium can be caused from loss from the kidneys mainly due to diuretics or may be associated with Hypoparathyroidism. A decrease in magnesium can cause weakness.
Normal Magnesium
Your pet's magnesium level is within the normal range value for normal metabolic functions.
Your pet's magnesium level is within the normal range value for normal metabolic functions.
Increased Magnesium
Increased magnesium can be caused from toxic changes. The most common result of increased magnesium is Addison's Disease.
Increased magnesium can be caused from toxic changes. The most common result of increased magnesium is Addison's Disease.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythrocytes are Red Blood Cells (RBC), which carry hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron and globular proteins and acts to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The RBC is normally produced in the bone marrow, but other sites of production, such as the spleen, may become evident in times of extreme need.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
Hematocrit (PCV)
The Hematocrit (HCT) test, also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), is the percentage of the blood that is made up by red blood cells.
38.3-56.5 %
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Hematocrit (PCV)
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
Increased Hematocrit (PCV)
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the substance within the red blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. In fact, the red blood cell can be thought of as just a bag of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin count is affected by the number of red blood cells and also the concentration of hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
13.4-20.7 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Normal Hemoglobin
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Increased Hemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
MCV
The Mean Cell Volume (MCV), is a measure of the average size of your pet's Red Blood Cells (RBC's).
59 - 76 fL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCV
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Normal MCV
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Increased MCV
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
MCH
Each red cell is like a bag filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the chemical that carries oxygen to the tissues. The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell is indicated by the MCH, (Mean Cell Hemoglobin).
21.9-26.1 pg
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCH
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
Normal MCH
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCH
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
MCHC
The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of individual red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the substance within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. The concentration of hemoglobin within each cell is as important as the number of red blood cells when it comes to oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
32.6-39.2 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCHC
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Normal MCHC
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCHC
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
Red Blood Cells
The shape and characteristics of the red blood cells can help us determine the cause of many disease syndromes.– – – – –
Abnormal Red Blood Cells by Name:
Acanthocytes
Acanthocytes are red blood cells which have a small number of projections in the cell membrane. They are often caused by liver disease and certain tumours.
Agglutination
Agglutination
Anisocytosis
Anisocytosis
is a condition where the red blood cells are unequal in size. This may be due to increased red blood cell production causing a higher percentage of "baby" cells in the circulation. This may be a normal response to anemia.
is a condition where the red blood cells are unequal in size. This may be due to increased red blood cell production causing a higher percentage of "baby" cells in the circulation. This may be a normal response to anemia.
Basophilic Stippling
Basophilic Stippling
means that there are blue dots or stipples within the red blood cell. This is an indication that the red cells have received some form of toxic injury. Lead poisoning may cause this sign.
means that there are blue dots or stipples within the red blood cell. This is an indication that the red cells have received some form of toxic injury. Lead poisoning may cause this sign.
Echinocytes
Echinocytes are shrunken red blood cells with many projections on the cell membrane. This is usually a change which occurs in the blood after collection, but also occurs in some cases of renal failure.
Heinz Bodies
Heinz Bodies
are blisters on the surface of red blood cells that indicate damage to the cell proteins. This is frequently due to toxins found in onions, garlic, Panadol and several other chemicals.
are blisters on the surface of red blood cells that indicate damage to the cell proteins. This is frequently due to toxins found in onions, garlic, Panadol and several other chemicals.
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Red blood cells should loose their nucleus prior to being released from the bone marrow. Cells with remnants of a nucleus may indicate premature or hastened release of the red blood cells.
Howell-Jolly Bodies
are remnants of nuclear protein found in a circulating red blood cell.
Howell-Jolly Bodies
are remnants of nuclear protein found in a circulating red blood cell.
Hypochromia
Hypochromia is an indication that the color of the red blood cell is less prominent than normal. The color is due to the amount of hemoglobin in the red cell and hypochromia usually indicates less hemoglobin due to iron deficiency. The most common cause of iron deficiency is chronic blood loss from flea or internal parasite infestation.
is an indication that the color of the red blood cell is less prominent than normal. The color is due to the amount of hemoglobin in the red cell and hypochromia usually indicates less hemoglobin due to iron deficiency. The most common cause of iron deficiency is chronic blood loss from flea or internal parasite infestation.
Macrocyte
Macrocytes
are larger than normal red blood cells. Macrocytes can be caused by folate (vitamin B12) deficiency, but this is uncommon in pets fed with high quality commercial foods. Large red blood cells are usually associated with anemia that stimulate premature release of "baby" red blood cells, which are larger than normal red blood cells.
are larger than normal red blood cells. Macrocytes can be caused by folate (vitamin B12) deficiency, but this is uncommon in pets fed with high quality commercial foods. Large red blood cells are usually associated with anemia that stimulate premature release of "baby" red blood cells, which are larger than normal red blood cells.
Microcyte
Microcytes are red blood cells that are smaller in size than normal. The most common cause for this is anemia, due to iron deficiency.
are red blood cells that are smaller in size than normal. The most common cause for this is anemia, due to iron deficiency.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the Anemia is termed Non-Regenerative. Bone marrow evaluation may be recommended in cases of non-regenerative anemia.
Nucleated RBC's
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and should loose their nucleus prior to being released into the circulation. Premature release of red blood cells causes us to see
Nucleated Red Blood Cells in the circulation. This can occur in severe anemia or may be associated with toxic injury to the bone marrow, as occurs with lead poisoning.
Nucleated Red Blood Cells
in the circulation. This can occur in severe anemia or may be associated with toxic injury to the bone marrow, as occurs with lead poisoning.
Poikilocytes
Poikilocytes are abnormally shaped red cells. This may be due to a defect in production or damage to mature red blood cells. Common causes include iron deficiency, renal failure or liver disease.
are abnormally shaped red cells. This may be due to a defect in production or damage to mature red blood cells. Common causes include iron deficiency, renal failure or liver disease.
Polychromasia
Polychromasia is noticed when the red blood cells differ greatly in their color. This is most commonly seen when there is a high proportion of "baby" red blood cells in the circulation. This can be a response to anemia or blood loss.
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Rouleaux
Red blood cells may appear stacked together in long chains. This is known as
"Rouleaux formation"
and it happens with increased serum proteins, particularly fibrinogen and globulins.
"Rouleaux formation"
and it happens with increased serum proteins, particularly fibrinogen and globulins.
Spherocytes
Spherocytes
are red blood cells without the central pallor that most red blood cells have. Most red blood cells are shaped like a life saver. Spherocytes are spherical and are indicative of damage to the red blood cells, often due to the pets own immune system targeting their own red blood cells.
are red blood cells without the central pallor that most red blood cells have. Most red blood cells are shaped like a life saver. Spherocytes are spherical and are indicative of damage to the red blood cells, often due to the pets own immune system targeting their own red blood cells.
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
CPK
Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK), also referred to as Creatine Kinase (CK), is an enzyme found in normal muscle cells. This is a test for muscle damage. It can be elevated after extreme exertion, trauma or from toxins such as those found in snake venoms.
10-200 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased CPK
Not clinically significant
Not clinically significant
Normal CPK
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
Mild Increase -CPK
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
Moderate Increase -CPK
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
Severe Increase -CPK
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
Calcium
Calcium is a mineral which is necessary for proper muscle contraction, proper bone formation and proper kidney function as well as many other functions of the body.
8.4-11.8 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Calcium
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Normal Calcium
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Mild Increase -Calcium
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
Moderate Increase -Calcium
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Severe Increase -Calcium
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Magnesium
Primarily found in the bones and muscles, many metabolic functions are dependent on magnesium.
1.5-2.5 mg/dl
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Magnesium
Decreased magnesium can be caused from loss from the kidneys mainly due to diuretics or may be associated with Hypoparathyroidism. A decrease in magnesium can cause weakness.
Decreased magnesium can be caused from loss from the kidneys mainly due to diuretics or may be associated with Hypoparathyroidism. A decrease in magnesium can cause weakness.
Normal Magnesium
Your pet's magnesium level is within the normal range value for normal metabolic functions.
Your pet's magnesium level is within the normal range value for normal metabolic functions.
Increased Magnesium
Increased magnesium can be caused from toxic changes. The most common result of increased magnesium is Addison's Disease.
Increased magnesium can be caused from toxic changes. The most common result of increased magnesium is Addison's Disease.
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythrocytes are Red Blood Cells (RBC), which carry hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron and globular proteins and acts to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The RBC is normally produced in the bone marrow, but other sites of production, such as the spleen, may become evident in times of extreme need.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
Hematocrit (PCV)
The Hematocrit (HCT) test, also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), is the percentage of the blood that is made up by red blood cells.
38.3-56.5 %
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Hematocrit (PCV)
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
Increased Hematocrit (PCV)
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the substance within the red blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. In fact, the red blood cell can be thought of as just a bag of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin count is affected by the number of red blood cells and also the concentration of hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
13.4-20.7 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Normal Hemoglobin
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Increased Hemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
MCV
The Mean Cell Volume (MCV), is a measure of the average size of your pet's Red Blood Cells (RBC's).
59 - 76 fL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCV
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Normal MCV
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Increased MCV
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
MCH
Each red cell is like a bag filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the chemical that carries oxygen to the tissues. The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell is indicated by the MCH, (Mean Cell Hemoglobin).
21.9-26.1 pg
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCH
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
Normal MCH
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCH
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
MCHC
The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of individual red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the substance within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. The concentration of hemoglobin within each cell is as important as the number of red blood cells when it comes to oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
32.6-39.2 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCHC
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Normal MCHC
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCHC
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
Red Blood Cells
The shape and characteristics of the red blood cells can help us determine the cause of many disease syndromes.– – – – –
Abnormal Red Blood Cells by Name:
Acanthocytes
Acanthocytes are red blood cells which have a small number of projections in the cell membrane. They are often caused by liver disease and certain tumours.
Agglutination
Agglutination
Anisocytosis
Anisocytosis is a condition where the red blood cells are unequal in size. This may be due to increased red blood cell production causing a higher percentage of "baby" cells in the circulation. This may be a normal response to anemia.
is a condition where the red blood cells are unequal in size. This may be due to increased red blood cell production causing a higher percentage of "baby" cells in the circulation. This may be a normal response to anemia.
Basophilic Stippling
Basophilic Stippling means that there are blue dots or stipples within the red blood cell. This is an indication that the red cells have received some form of toxic injury. Lead poisoning may cause this sign.
means that there are blue dots or stipples within the red blood cell. This is an indication that the red cells have received some form of toxic injury. Lead poisoning may cause this sign.
Echinocytes
Echinocytes are shrunken red blood cells with many projections on the cell membrane. This is usually a change which occurs in the blood after collection, but also occurs in some cases of renal failure.
Heinz Bodies
Heinz Bodies are blisters on the surface of red blood cells that indicate damage to the cell proteins. This is frequently due to toxins found in onions, garlic, Panadol and several other chemicals.
are blisters on the surface of red blood cells that indicate damage to the cell proteins. This is frequently due to toxins found in onions, garlic, Panadol and several other chemicals.
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Red blood cells should loose their nucleus prior to being released from the bone marrow. Cells with remnants of a nucleus may indicate premature or hastened release of the red blood cells.
Howell-Jolly Bodies are remnants of nuclear protein found in a circulating red blood cell.
Howell-Jolly Bodies
are remnants of nuclear protein found in a circulating red blood cell.
Hypochromia
Hypochromia is an indication that the color of the red blood cell is less prominent than normal. The color is due to the amount of hemoglobin in the red cell and hypochromia usually indicates less hemoglobin due to iron deficiency. The most common cause of iron deficiency is chronic blood loss from flea or internal parasite infestation.
is an indication that the color of the red blood cell is less prominent than normal. The color is due to the amount of hemoglobin in the red cell and hypochromia usually indicates less hemoglobin due to iron deficiency. The most common cause of iron deficiency is chronic blood loss from flea or internal parasite infestation.
Macrocyte
Macrocytes are larger than normal red blood cells. Macrocytes can be caused by folate (vitamin B12) deficiency, but this is uncommon in pets fed with high quality commercial foods. Large red blood cells are usually associated with anemia that stimulate premature release of "baby" red blood cells, which are larger than normal red blood cells.
are larger than normal red blood cells. Macrocytes can be caused by folate (vitamin B12) deficiency, but this is uncommon in pets fed with high quality commercial foods. Large red blood cells are usually associated with anemia that stimulate premature release of "baby" red blood cells, which are larger than normal red blood cells.
Microcyte
Microcytes are red blood cells that are smaller in size than normal. The most common cause for this is anemia, due to iron deficiency.
are red blood cells that are smaller in size than normal. The most common cause for this is anemia, due to iron deficiency.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the Anemia is termed Non-Regenerative. Bone marrow evaluation may be recommended in cases of non-regenerative anemia.
Nucleated RBC's
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and should loose their nucleus prior to being released into the circulation. Premature release of red blood cells causes us to see
Nucleated Red Blood Cells in the circulation. This can occur in severe anemia or may be associated with toxic injury to the bone marrow, as occurs with lead poisoning.
Nucleated Red Blood Cells
in the circulation. This can occur in severe anemia or may be associated with toxic injury to the bone marrow, as occurs with lead poisoning.
Poikilocytes
Poikilocytes are abnormally shaped red cells. This may be due to a defect in production or damage to mature red blood cells. Common causes include iron deficiency, renal failure or liver disease.
are abnormally shaped red cells. This may be due to a defect in production or damage to mature red blood cells. Common causes include iron deficiency, renal failure or liver disease.
Polychromasia
Polychromasia is noticed when the red blood cells differ greatly in their color. This is most commonly seen when there is a high proportion of "baby" red blood cells in the circulation. This can be a response to anemia or blood loss.
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Rouleaux
Red blood cells may appear stacked together in long chains. This is known as
"Rouleaux formation" and it happens with increased serum proteins, particularly fibrinogen and globulins.
"Rouleaux formation"
and it happens with increased serum proteins, particularly fibrinogen and globulins.
Spherocytes
Spherocytes are red blood cells without the central pallor that most red blood cells have. Most red blood cells are shaped like a life saver. Spherocytes are spherical and are indicative of damage to the red blood cells, often due to the pets own immune system targeting their own red blood cells.
are red blood cells without the central pallor that most red blood cells have. Most red blood cells are shaped like a life saver. Spherocytes are spherical and are indicative of damage to the red blood cells, often due to the pets own immune system targeting their own red blood cells.
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
White Blood Cell Tests
White Blood Cells
There are five types of White Blood Cells (WBC), in our bodies and the bodies of our pets. These white cells all play roles in the immune system response. They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Elevation or decreases in the number of each type of white blood cell can give us many clues about the health of your pet.
2.87-17.02 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -White Blood Cells
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
Moderate Decrease -White Blood Cells
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
Mild Decrease -White Blood Cells
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
Normal White Blood Cells
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -White Blood Cells
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Moderate Increase -White Blood Cells
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Severe Increase -White Blood Cells
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
Platelet Count
Platelets are cell fragments created by the bone marrow and released into the general circulation to aid in the blood clotting process. Platelets are essential for blood clotting and serve like sticky dough balls to plug gaps in vessels.
151-600 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Platelet Count
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Mild Decrease -Platelet Count
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Normal Platelet Count
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Increased Platelet Count
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
Neutrophil
This white blood cell is responsible for a large part of the surveillance of the body. It is very non-specific in its actions and any tissue destruction of any type be it bacterial, viral, parasitic or inflammatory will cause activation of the neutrophil. Neutrophils account for 85% of the white blood cells in the body. If their numbers are elevated then it usually means an active infection or inflammation is present.
2.94-12.67 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Neutrophil
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Moderate Decrease -Neutrophil
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Mild Decrease -Neutrophil
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
Normal Neutrophil
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -Neutrophil
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
Moderate Increase -Neutrophil
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
Severe Increase -Neutrophil
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia
is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
Abnormalities of Neutrophils:
Left Shift
Young neutrophils, which have recently left the bone marrow, have less projections of their nucleus. This is termed a left shift and usually indicates severe tissue injury from infection or inflammation.
Toxic Change
Toxic change is a collection of changes in neutrophils associated with severe infections, inflammation or drug toxicity.
Nuclear Hypersegmentation
Old neutrophils, which have been in the blood for a long time, have more projections of their nucleus. This is termed nuclear hypersegmentation and is often caused by stress, corticosteroid drug use and some hormonal imbalances.
Monocytes
Monocytes contribute to the immune system in several ways. They help to remove damaged tissue and debris in severe disease processes. They also assist in antibody production by lymphocytes.
0.13-1.15 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Monocytes
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
Normal Monocytes
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Mild Increase -Monocytes
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
Moderate Increase -Monocytes
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
Severe Increase -Monocytes
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils participate in the immune reaction against parasites such as heartworms, fleas, hookworms and mange. Therefore, in the presence of these diseases, the number of eosinophils in the blood will be elevated. Eosinophils are also active during allergic reactions. Therefore, these cells will be elevated in the blood of pets with allergies.
0.07-1.49 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Eosinophils
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
Normal Eosinophils
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Eosinophils
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
Moderate Increase -Eosinophils
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Severe Increase -Eosinophils
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Lymphocyte
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell which are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and also circulating in lymph and blood. There are two major types of lymphocyte which perform different roles in the immune system. T-Lymphocytes are responsible for killing viruses, killing cells infected with viruses and killing tumor type cells. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies, which help prevent and fight many infectious diseases.
1.06-4.95 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Lymphocyte
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Decrease -Lymphocyte
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild Decrease -Lymphocyte
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Normal Lymphocytes
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Mild Increase -Lymphocyte
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
Moderate Increase -Lymphocyte
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
Severe Increase -Lymphocyte
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Basophils
Basophils seem to function in a similar fashion as eosinophils, because their numbers are elevated with the same disease reactions, yet very few basophils are found in the blood and they seem to be present only in severe cases of allergy or parasitism. Basophils contain the compounds histamine and heparin and during immune responses, these compounds are released. Histamine causes many of the respiratory symptoms of allergy and asthma.
0 - 0.1 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Basophils
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
Normal Basophils
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Increased Basophils
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
Toxic neutrophils
Toxic neutrophils indicate the presence of toxins in the bloodstream. More than 5% of toxic neutrophils is considered significant.Band neutrophils
Band neutrophils are immature neutrophils that have been released from the bone marrow early. This commonly indicates an active infection in the body.Reactive lymphocytes
Reactive lymphocytes are larger than normal lymphocytes which are associated with an immune response. They are more common in young animals that have been recently vaccinated.Thrombocytopenia
When tissues of your pet are damaged, bleeding occurs. This bleeding stops partly because of the blood platelets. Platelets are tiny cells that convert from "slippery" cells to "sticky" dough balls in the presence of tissue damage. Platelets are essential and work with the other clotting mechanisms to stop hemorrhaging.Thrombocytopenia is a disease where the number of platelets is lower than necessary in order to stop bleeding. This low platelet number is caused by destruction of the platelets by the immune system at a rate that exceeds the bone marrows ability to produce new ones. This results in an increased likelihood that the pet will bleed seriously from a minor trauma or even bleed spontaneously.
Recommendation: Pets that are at risk for this disease should have their platelet count tested twice a year and should have blood-clotting tests performed prior to any surgical procedure.
Urine Chemistry
Urinalysis Test
A urinalysis not only gives us information about the bladder and kidneys, but also the liver, pancreas and other organs. A urinalysis, along with a complete examination and other (possible) necessary tests, will help us in making a proper diagnosis and treatment plan for your pet.The following tests are involved with a urinalysis.
Urine Color
The color of the urine sample is analyzed by visual inspection. A normal characteristic of urine is its typical, golden straw color. However, some abnormal characteristics include bloody, cloudy or bright yellow urine in color; an indication of possible lower urinary tract or systemic disease.
Urine Clarity
The clarity of the urine sample is analyzed by visual inspection. Decreased clarity usually indicates the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells or crystals in the urine. Inflammation, urinary tract infection or urinary stones are some of the known causes.
Urine Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of urine allows us to determine whether or not the kidneys are concentrating the urine. This is important in evaluating the kidney function and deciding what treatment may be necessary.
The measurement of specific gravity is based on a numerical range of 1.000 to 1.040+. The lower value indicating very dilute urine and the higher value indicating very concentrated urine.
A specific gravity range value of 1.008 to 1.012 is an indication that the kidneys are neither producing dilute nor concentrated urine. If your pets urine falls in this range, we may recommend a secondary test on another day with the first urine sample of that day. If the value range is persistent, your pet’s kidneys may not be functioning properly and additional tests will most likely be recommended.
– – – – –
Results:
Low: A low specific gravity means your pet's urine is very dilute. This can be caused by excessive thirst or an inability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine. A water deprivation test may be recommended to test the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine.
High: High urine specific gravity means the urine is very concentrated. This is usually because of dehydration, but may also be due to high mineral content.
The measurement of specific gravity is based on a numerical range of 1.000 to 1.040+. The lower value indicating very dilute urine and the higher value indicating very concentrated urine.
A specific gravity range value of 1.008 to 1.012 is an indication that the kidneys are neither producing dilute nor concentrated urine. If your pets urine falls in this range, we may recommend a secondary test on another day with the first urine sample of that day. If the value range is persistent, your pet’s kidneys may not be functioning properly and additional tests will most likely be recommended.
– – – – –
Results:
Low: A low specific gravity means your pet's urine is very dilute. This can be caused by excessive thirst or an inability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine. A water deprivation test may be recommended to test the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine.
High: High urine specific gravity means the urine is very concentrated. This is usually because of dehydration, but may also be due to high mineral content.
Urine pH
The pH (potential Hydrogen), of the urine is used to measure whether the urine is acid or alkaline.
6.5 - 7.0
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Mild Decrease -Urine pH
A mild decrease in urine pH is called acidic urine. An acidic pH below 6 creates a good environment for bacteria growth, which can predispose your pet to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals; in turn, these crystals could potentially bind together and form stones if they remain in the bladder long enough.
Do not be alarmed if this is the first finding of your pet having a slight decrease in urine pH, especially if the rest of the urinalysis results were found to be in the normal range. Eating certain foods, or medications, will cause the urine pH to vary throughout the day. However, if the decrease is persistent, then we will recommend additional tests.
A mild decrease in urine pH is called acidic urine. An acidic pH below 6 creates a good environment for bacteria growth, which can predispose your pet to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals; in turn, these crystals could potentially bind together and form stones if they remain in the bladder long enough.
Do not be alarmed if this is the first finding of your pet having a slight decrease in urine pH, especially if the rest of the urinalysis results were found to be in the normal range. Eating certain foods, or medications, will cause the urine pH to vary throughout the day. However, if the decrease is persistent, then we will recommend additional tests.
Normal Urine pH
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's urine pH is within the normal range.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's urine pH is within the normal range.
Increased Urine pH
An increase in urine pH is called alkaline urine and is most often caused by urinary tract infections. An alkaline pH above 7 creates a good environment for bacteria growth, which can predispose your pet to struvite crystals, caused by urease-producing bacteria. In turn, these crystals could potentially bind together and form stones if they remain in the bladder long enough. Other common causes include cereal diets or allowing the urine to stand a long time before testing.
Do not be alarmed if this is the first finding of your pet having a slight increase in urine pH, especially if the rest of the urinalysis results were found to be in the normal range. Eating certain foods, or medications, will cause the urine pH to vary throughout the day. However, if the finding is persistent, then additional tests should be completed to rule out bladder or kidney infection. Additionally, pets without clinical signs of urinary tract disease should have the urine sample re-checked to confirm this finding.
An increase in urine pH is called alkaline urine and is most often caused by urinary tract infections. An alkaline pH above 7 creates a good environment for bacteria growth, which can predispose your pet to struvite crystals, caused by urease-producing bacteria. In turn, these crystals could potentially bind together and form stones if they remain in the bladder long enough. Other common causes include cereal diets or allowing the urine to stand a long time before testing.
Do not be alarmed if this is the first finding of your pet having a slight increase in urine pH, especially if the rest of the urinalysis results were found to be in the normal range. Eating certain foods, or medications, will cause the urine pH to vary throughout the day. However, if the finding is persistent, then additional tests should be completed to rule out bladder or kidney infection. Additionally, pets without clinical signs of urinary tract disease should have the urine sample re-checked to confirm this finding.
Urine Protein
Protein in the urine may occur from leakage through the kidneys or from inflammation of the urinary tract. Early detection of kidney disease can be indicated by the presence of protein in the urine.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Your pet's urine contains no protein or very little protein. This is a normal finding, showing no evidence of inflammatory disease of the urinary tract or kidneys.
Positive: Your pet tested positive for an increased presence of protein in the urine. An abnormally high level of protein in your pet's urine may be due to cystitis (bladder infection or inflammation), or kidney damage. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Your pet's urine contains no protein or very little protein. This is a normal finding, showing no evidence of inflammatory disease of the urinary tract or kidneys.
Positive: Your pet tested positive for an increased presence of protein in the urine. An abnormally high level of protein in your pet's urine may be due to cystitis (bladder infection or inflammation), or kidney damage. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Urine Glucose
Glucose is not normally found in the urine and its presence is an indicator of some disease process.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Glucose is NOT present in your pet's urine! This is an indicator that your pet does NOT have diabetes.
Positive: Glucose IS present in your pet's urine! This is an indication that your pet may have diabetes mellitus, but the presence of glucose may also be due to stress or other disease. Additional testing will be necessary to confirm if your pet is diabetic and to recommended a treatment plan.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Glucose is NOT present in your pet's urine! This is an indicator that your pet does NOT have diabetes.
Positive: Glucose IS present in your pet's urine! This is an indication that your pet may have diabetes mellitus, but the presence of glucose may also be due to stress or other disease. Additional testing will be necessary to confirm if your pet is diabetic and to recommended a treatment plan.
Urine Ketones
Ketones are chemical by-products of fat metabolism. Ketones develops in diabetes because glucose metabolism is altered due to the lack of insulin. When glucose cannot be used for energy, fat is burned for energy instead and this produces ketones which end up in the urine.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Your pet has no ketones in their urine, this is normal!
Positive: The most common causes of excessive ketones in the urine are diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, low carbohydrate diet, high protein diet and prolonged low blood sugar. Additional tests may be necessary or, if your pet is showing signs of illness, we may need to hospitalize and administer immediate therapy to reduce these toxic by-products.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Your pet has no ketones in their urine, this is normal!
Positive: The most common causes of excessive ketones in the urine are diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, low carbohydrate diet, high protein diet and prolonged low blood sugar. Additional tests may be necessary or, if your pet is showing signs of illness, we may need to hospitalize and administer immediate therapy to reduce these toxic by-products.
Blood/Hemoglobin
The presence of blood in the urine is medically referred to as hematuria. Hematuria is usually noticed when the pet urinates in an area so that the color of the urine can be determined. Bloody urine is a common sign of a bladder infection, but can also result from hemorrhage of the kidneys, prostate or urethra. Bloody urine can also indicate poor blood clotting function or trauma.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Your pet passed this test! This is a normal finding. There are no traces of hematuria present in your pet's urine.
Positive: Hematuria IS present in your pet's urine. This could be due to a urinary tract infection or inflammation.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Your pet passed this test! This is a normal finding. There are no traces of hematuria present in your pet's urine.
Positive: Hematuria IS present in your pet's urine. This could be due to a urinary tract infection or inflammation.
Urine Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a pigment that is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells. This pigment is processed in the liver and becomes a part of the bile.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: The test shows no signs of bilirubin in the urine, this is normal!
Positive: Increased urine bilirubin levels can occur due to red blood cell destruction or diseases of the liver and bile system. Blood tests are required to determine which of these possibilities is occuring.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: The test shows no signs of bilirubin in the urine, this is normal!
Positive: Increased urine bilirubin levels can occur due to red blood cell destruction or diseases of the liver and bile system. Blood tests are required to determine which of these possibilities is occuring.
Urobilinogen
This is a test for bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is released when red blood cells are destroyed and is then processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile and finally secreted into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and are then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Problems with the liver or gall bladder or excessive red blood cell destruction may increase the blood levels of bilirubin and this in turn increases the level of urobilinogen (bilirubin in the urine).
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Your pet's urine contains NO urobilinogen. This is a normal finding.
Positive: Your pet's urine DOES contain urobilinogen. This may indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease of excessive destruction of red blood cells. Further testing may be required to differentiate between these possible causes.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative: Your pet's urine contains NO urobilinogen. This is a normal finding.
Positive: Your pet's urine DOES contain urobilinogen. This may indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease of excessive destruction of red blood cells. Further testing may be required to differentiate between these possible causes.
White Blood Cells
An increase in the number of white blood cells in the urine is termed pyuria. A urinary tract infection is the most common cause and a culture of the urine is usually indicated to determine the causative bacterial organism.
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells may be normal if the sample was collected by a catheter or needle. The presence of blood may indicate infection, stones, tumors, or trauma in the genitourinary tract, and further tests may be necessary to identify the cause.
Bacteria
Bacteria are normally one-celled microscopic living organisms that can cause infection. Normal bladder urine is sterile - no bacterial organisms present. Any bacterial organisms present in the urine are abnormal or a potential contaminate from the collection process if the urine was collected "free catch". The presence of bacteria in the urine of an otherwise normal pet must be re-evaluated in a manner so as to prevent contamination i.e. via cystocentesis. Cystocentesis is the collection of urine directly from the bladder using a small needle and syringe. If the test is repeatable, then a culture of the urine may be indicated.
Epithelial Cells
Epithelial cells line the urinary tract and are normally found in small numbers in the urine sediment. Abnormal characteristics or increased numbers of epithelial cells may indicate infection, inflammation, trauma or tumor. Additional diagnostic tests such as ultrasound or radiographs may be recommended.
There are three types of epithelial cells:
There are three types of epithelial cells:
- Squamous
Squamous cells
are large, thin cells, with a small, round central nucleus that’s irregularly outlined with angular borders that tend to fold on themselves; appearing singularly or in sheets. They originate from the distal urethra and vagina or prepuce and in small numbers are clinically insignificant; generally representing contamination due to catheterization or a voided sample. However, increased numbers of squamous cells may indicate squamous metaplasia, a non-cancerous prostatic disorder that causes enlargement of the prostate gland due to an excessive amount of estrogen in male dogs. The most commonly diagnosed tumor that causes squamous metaplasia is the estrogen producing tumor, Sertoli cell tumor. - Transitional
Transitional cells
are of various size (although smaller than squamous), with a centrally located nuclei (occasionally binucleated) and of various forms, described by their shape (round, oval, linear, caudate). The caudate forms originate from the renal pelvis and have tapered ends resembling tails. Transitional cells originate from the renal pelvis to the urethra, lining the urinary tract. Irritation of the bladder will cause these cells to exfoliate into the urine; singularly or in clumps; large numbers should prompt further testing. - Renal tubular
Renal tubular epithelial cells
are cuboidal in shape while in the kidney, but once released from the tubular basement membrane, they are almost perfectly round. They are small in size and typically have a large, eccentric nucleus. Renal tubular epithelial cells are a rare and abnormal finding in urine sediment and can indicate renal tubular damage or disease.
Mucus
The presence of mucus in small amounts is usually clinically insignificant and often observed in free-catch samples. An inflamed infection of the urinary tract will stimulate an overproduction of mucus in an attempt to cleanse the pet’s body of the bacteria causing the infection. Mucus appears as twisted, narrow strands often referred to as mucus threads. Mucus threads1
can resemble hyaline casts; however, the shape and borders of mucus threads is more irregular than that of hyaline casts, and the ends of mucus threads are tapered.
can resemble hyaline casts; however, the shape and borders of mucus threads is more irregular than that of hyaline casts, and the ends of mucus threads are tapered.
[1]Photo from Diagnostic methods, chemical, bacteriological and microscopical : a text-book for students and practitioners | Webster, Ralph W. (Ralph Waldo), 1873-1930, via archive.org
Casts
Casts are cylindrical molds of the kidney tubules and are composed of proteins, cells or cellular debris. Casts are always abnormal and indicate kidney damage. An ultrasound and possible kidney biopsy may be recommended to help further the diagnosis.
Although the type of cast can aid in determining the disease process, the amount of casts present is not an indicator of the severity, duration or reversibility of the disease. During cast formation, if erythrocytes, leukocytes or epithelial cells are present in the tubules, they will become embedded in the casts.
Types of Casts:
Although the type of cast can aid in determining the disease process, the amount of casts present is not an indicator of the severity, duration or reversibility of the disease. During cast formation, if erythrocytes, leukocytes or epithelial cells are present in the tubules, they will become embedded in the casts.
Types of Casts:
- Hyaline
Hyaline (translucent) casts
may be difficult to see unless viewed in dim lighting. The presence of hyaline casts is an indicator of mild glomerular leakage. - Cellular
Cellular casts1
are derived from erythrocytes, leukocytes or epithelial cells that become imbedded in the protein matrix due to conglutination of these cells. Determining the exact cell type present in the cast may prove impractical due to cell deterioration (hence the general naming of the cast: "cellular"), therefore, urine sediment findings must be relied upon to suggest the cell type. - Granular
Granular casts2
are derived from degenerating cellular casts or may be the result of direct aggregation of proteins. In appearance, they resemble the shape of a cigar and are either fine or coarse in texture (depending on the degree of degeneration). Fine granular casts can be seen with fever or after vigorous exercise, whereas, fine or coarse granular casts are associated with renal injury. - Waxy
Waxy casts
are derived from degenerating granular casts and represent the final stage in the degeneration of cells. Beginning as Cellular casts, they degenerate into Granular casts, then degenerate into Waxy casts. Waxy casts are homogeneous, like hyaline casts, yet more refractile with distinct outlines, making them easier to see compared to hyaline casts. In appearance, waxy casts typically have blunt ends and creviced sides. Waxy casts are associated with severe chronic renal disease and have been termed, "renal failure casts". - Fatty
Fatty casts3
are comprised of fat globules from degenerating tubular, lipid-rich epithelial cells. They are identified by the refractile lipid droplets which can be seen within the protein matrix of the casts. Although uncommon, fatty casts may suggest diabetes; and although most commonly seen in felines, they have also been seen in diabetic canines.
[1]Photo from Physical Diagnosis book | Cabot, Richard C. (Richard Clarke), 1868-1939, via archive.org; [2]Photo from Diagnostic methods, chemical, bacteriological and microscopical : a text-book for students and practitioners | Webster, Ralph W. (Ralph Waldo), 1873-1930, via archive.org; [3]Photo from Diagnostic methods, chemical, bacteriological and microscopical : a text-book for students and practitioners | Webster, Ralph W. (Ralph Waldo), 1873-1930, via archive.org
Crystals
Crystals are a common manifestation of normal urine, as long as they are few in number and characteristic for the breed and age of the pet being examined. Abnormal crystals may be identified that are associated with stone formation or a metabolic disease in your pet.
Types of Crystals:
Types of Crystals:
- Struvite Crystals
Struvite Crystals
form when there are urease producing bacteria in the urine and the pH of the urine is high (alkaline). Struvite crystals can also form in refrigerated samples after collection. Struvite crystals are colorless, appearing as glass in various large sizes and shape; from square to rectangular prisms, resembling that of a "coffin lid". The presence of struvite crystals can be a normal finding, however, it may also indicate a urinary tract infection. We will recommend a course of antibiotics and a special diet that dissolves struvite stones. - Calcium Oxalate Crystals
There are two types of Calcium Oxalate Crystals, Dihydrate and Monohydrate; and Monohydrates have two forms, picket fence shape and dumbbell shape. The presence of either oxalate may be seen in normal urine samples, although they are usually found in acidic (low pH) urine. Oxalate crystals can also form in refrigerated samples after collection. Oxalate crystals form as a result of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia is abnormally elevated levels of calcium in the bloodstream due to excessive ingestion of foods that are rich in oxalates, calcium or vitamin D. Oxalate crystals are also seen with Cushing’s disease. - Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate
The dihydrate type1
of calcium oxalate crystals are clear, 3-D squares that have diagonal intersecting lines from each corner resembling the back of an envelope; also visually referred to as a maltese cross. Dihydrate crystals vary greatly in size, from very small needing high magnification, to very large needing little magnification. These crystals have also been viewed individualized or in aggregates. - Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (picket fence form)
The "picket fence" form2
of the calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal varies in size and is clear, flat and elongated with pointed ends, giving it the picket fence look. The presence of monohydrates is normally a result of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity. - Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (dumbbell form)
The "dumbbell" form
of the calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal varies in size and resembles that of a dumbbell or spindle. - Ammonium (Urate) Biurate
In appearance, biurate (urate) crystals3
are yellow to brown, smooth, spheroid bodies with irregular protrusions shaped like a "thorn apple". These crystals form in alkaline (high pH) urine due to the increased concentration of ammonia and may be a normal finding in the urine of healthy cats and dogs. Dalmatians and English Bulldogs are predisposed to biurate (urate) crystals whereas they are commonly seen. Biurate (urate) crystals may be an indication of portosystemic shunts or liver disease/failure. - Cystine Crystals
Cystine crystals
vary in size and are clear, flat, hexagonal in shape and generally form stacked together. Normally, cystine is filtered by the kidneys and never reaches the bladder, but if it does and the urine is acidic (low pH), crystals can easily form, because cystine becomes insoluble in acidic conditions. This inability to filter cystine from the urine is a genetic metabolic disorder known as cystinuria, therefore, the presence of cystine crystals is abnormal and indicative of cystinuria. Dogs with this disorder are at risk for the possible development of cystine uroliths.
[1]Photo by NASA/JSC [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons; [2]Photo by Cayla Devine [CC BY 2.0], via flickr; [3]Photo by Bobjgalindo (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Urine Glucose
Glucose is not normally found in the urine and its presence is an indicator of some disease process.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Glucose is NOT present in your pet's urine! This is an indicator that your pet does NOT have diabetes.
Positive
Glucose IS present in your pet's urine! This is an indication that your pet may have diabetes mellitus, but the presence of glucose may also be due to stress or other disease. Additional testing will be necessary to confirm if your pet is diabetic and to recommended a treatment plan.
Urine Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a pigment that is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells. This pigment is processed in the liver and becomes a part of the bile.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
The test shows no signs of bilirubin in the urine, this is normal!
Positive
Increased urine bilirubin levels can occur due to red blood cell destruction or diseases of the liver and bile system. Blood tests are required to determine which of these possibilities is occuring.
Urine Protein
Protein in the urine may occur from leakage through the kidneys or from inflammation of the urinary tract. Early detection of kidney disease can be indicated by the presence of protein in the urine.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet's urine contains no protein or very little protein. This is a normal finding, showing no evidence of inflammatory disease of the urinary tract or kidneys.
Positive
Your pet tested positive for an increased presence of protein in the urine. An abnormally high level of protein in your pet's urine may be due to cystitis (bladder infection or inflammation), or kidney damage. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Urine Ketones
Ketones are chemical by-products of fat metabolism. Ketones develops in diabetes because glucose metabolism is altered due to the lack of insulin. When glucose cannot be used for energy, fat is burned for energy instead and this produces ketones which end up in the urine.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet has no ketones in their urine, this is normal!
Positive
The most common causes of excessive ketones in the urine are diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, low carbohydrate diet, high protein diet and prolonged low blood sugar. Additional tests may be necessary or, if your pet is showing signs of illness, we may need to hospitalize and administer immediate therapy to reduce these toxic by-products.
E.R.D. Screen
The ERD (Early Renal Disease), screening test detects microalbuminuria (very small amounts of albumin proteins), in the urine of dogs and cats, which is an early indicator for kidney disease. This new test is the most accurate way to determine if your pet's kidneys are normal. Other tests traditionally used, do not indicate any dysfunction of the kidneys until 75% of the kidneys are damaged. This test is done in-house with results usually available within the hour.*We recommend that this test is performed yearly on your pet.
– – – – –
Results:
Normal
There is no sign of protein leakage from your pet's kidneys.
Mild Increase
Pets with a mild increase of albumin leakage from the kidneys should be evaluated for diseases that can predispose the pet to kidney damage. These diseases are heartworms, dental disease, skin disease, chronic intestinal disease or other chronic inflammatory conditions. We should evaluate your pet for these diseases. This test should be repeated in two months to see if the condition has resolved or is worsening.
Moderate Increase
Pets with a moderate increase of albumin leakage from the kidneys should be evaluated for disease that can predispose the pet to kidney damage. These diseases are heartworms, dental disease, skin disease, chronic intestinal disease or other chronic inflammatory conditions. This test should be repeated in two months to see if the condition has resolved or is worsening. If these tests indicate a progression, additional tests such as an ultrasound may be considered.
Severe Increase
Pets with a severe increase of albumin leakage from the kidneys should be evaluated for diseases that can cause kidney damage. These diseases are heartworms, dental disease, skin disease, chronic intestinal disease or other chronic inflammatory conditions. We should evaluate your pet for these diseases.
Urobilinogen
This is a test for bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is released when red blood cells are destroyed and is then processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile and finally secreted into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and are then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Problems with the liver or gall bladder or excessive red blood cell destruction may increase the blood levels of bilirubin and this in turn increases the level of urobilinogen (bilirubin in the urine).– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet's urine contains NO urobilinogen. This is a normal finding.
Positive
Your pet's urine DOES contain urobilinogen. This may indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease of excessive destruction of red blood cells. Further testing may be required to differentiate between these possible causes.
Urine Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of urine allows us to determine whether or not the kidneys are concentrating the urine. This is important in evaluating the kidney function and deciding what treatment may be necessary.The measurement of specific gravity is based on a numerical range of 1.000 to 1.040+. The lower value indicating very dilute urine and the higher value indicating very concentrated urine.
A specific gravity range value of 1.008 to 1.012 is an indication that the kidneys are neither producing dilute nor concentrated urine. If your pets urine falls in this range, we may recommend a secondary test on another day with the first urine sample of that day. If the value range is persistent, your pet’s kidneys may not be functioning properly and additional tests will most likely be recommended.
– – – – –
Results:
Low
A low specific gravity means your pet's urine is very dilute. This can be caused by excessive thirst or an inability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine. A water deprivation test may be recommended to test the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine.
High
High urine specific gravity means the urine is very concentrated. This is usually because of dehydration, but may also be due to high mineral content.
Blood/Hemoglobin
The presence of blood in the urine is medically referred to as hematuria. Hematuria is usually noticed when the pet urinates in an area so that the color of the urine can be determined. Bloody urine is a common sign of a bladder infection, but can also result from hemorrhage of the kidneys, prostate or urethra. Bloody urine can also indicate poor blood clotting function or trauma.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet passed this test! This is a normal finding. There are no traces of hematuria present in your pet's urine.
Positive
Hematuria IS present in your pet's urine. This could be due to a urinary tract infection or inflammation.
Urine Leukocytes
Leukocytes are white blood cells that are present in areas of the body which are inflamed or infected.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
There are NO leukocytes in your pet's urine, so your pet does NOT have any indication of infection or inflammation.
Positive
Your pet DOES have an increased leukocyte count, an indication of infection or inflammation of the urinary tract. Additional tests, such as ultrasound or a culture of the urine, may be necessary to determine the cause.
Urine pH
The pH (potential Hydrogen), of the urine is used to measure whether the urine is acid or alkaline.
6.5 - 7.0
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Mild Decrease -Urine pH
A mild decrease in urine pH is called acidic urine. An acidic pH below 6 creates a good environment for bacteria growth, which can predispose your pet to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals; in turn, these crystals could potentially bind together and form stones if they remain in the bladder long enough.
Do not be alarmed if this is the first finding of your pet having a slight decrease in urine pH, especially if the rest of the urinalysis results were found to be in the normal range. Eating certain foods, or medications, will cause the urine pH to vary throughout the day. However, if the decrease is persistent, then we will recommend additional tests.
A mild decrease in urine pH is called acidic urine. An acidic pH below 6 creates a good environment for bacteria growth, which can predispose your pet to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals; in turn, these crystals could potentially bind together and form stones if they remain in the bladder long enough.
Do not be alarmed if this is the first finding of your pet having a slight decrease in urine pH, especially if the rest of the urinalysis results were found to be in the normal range. Eating certain foods, or medications, will cause the urine pH to vary throughout the day. However, if the decrease is persistent, then we will recommend additional tests.
Normal Urine pH
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's urine pH is within the normal range.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's urine pH is within the normal range.
Increased Urine pH
An increase in urine pH is called alkaline urine and is most often caused by urinary tract infections. An alkaline pH above 7 creates a good environment for bacteria growth, which can predispose your pet to struvite crystals, caused by urease-producing bacteria. In turn, these crystals could potentially bind together and form stones if they remain in the bladder long enough. Other common causes include cereal diets or allowing the urine to stand a long time before testing.
Do not be alarmed if this is the first finding of your pet having a slight increase in urine pH, especially if the rest of the urinalysis results were found to be in the normal range. Eating certain foods, or medications, will cause the urine pH to vary throughout the day. However, if the finding is persistent, then additional tests should be completed to rule out bladder or kidney infection. Additionally, pets without clinical signs of urinary tract disease should have the urine sample re-checked to confirm this finding.
An increase in urine pH is called alkaline urine and is most often caused by urinary tract infections. An alkaline pH above 7 creates a good environment for bacteria growth, which can predispose your pet to struvite crystals, caused by urease-producing bacteria. In turn, these crystals could potentially bind together and form stones if they remain in the bladder long enough. Other common causes include cereal diets or allowing the urine to stand a long time before testing.
Do not be alarmed if this is the first finding of your pet having a slight increase in urine pH, especially if the rest of the urinalysis results were found to be in the normal range. Eating certain foods, or medications, will cause the urine pH to vary throughout the day. However, if the finding is persistent, then additional tests should be completed to rule out bladder or kidney infection. Additionally, pets without clinical signs of urinary tract disease should have the urine sample re-checked to confirm this finding.
Urine Nitrite
A urine nitrite test is a rapid screening test for some urinary tract infections (UTI). Some bacterial organisms contain enzymes that change nitrate in the urine to nitrite. The best urine to sample is the first sample voided (passed) in the morning because it is important that the sample be a fresh sample. False negative tests can occur for many reasons, therefore, the results of this test should not take the place of other routine urine tests for infection.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet tested negative for nitrites, meaning nitrites are NOT present in the urine and there is NO urinary tract infection present.
Positive
Your pet tested positive, therefore, nitrites ARE present in the urine; an indication of a urinary tract infection.
Stone Analysis
It is very important for each stone that is removed from the urinary tract be analyzed as to its chemical composition. This analysis will tell us how to treat or prevent the re-occurrence of these stones in the future. Also, we will know if surgery or medical therapy is the answer for your pet.Urine Sediment
The urine can be examined under a microscope for evidence of urinary tract disease. The urine is first centrifuged to concentrate the solids in the urine, then stained and examined.– – – – –
Possible Findings:
White Blood Cells
An increase in the number of white blood cells in the urine is termed pyuria. A urinary tract infection is the most common cause and a culture of the urine is usually indicated to determine the causative bacterial organism.
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells may be normal if the sample was collected by a catheter or needle. The presence of blood may indicate infection, stones, tumors, or trauma in the genitourinary tract, and further tests may be necessary to identify the cause.
Bacteria
Bacteria are normally one-celled microscopic living organisms that can cause infection. Normal bladder urine is sterile - no bacterial organisms present. Any bacterial organisms present in the urine are abnormal or a potential contaminate from the collection process if the urine was collected "free catch". The presence of bacteria in the urine of an otherwise normal pet must be re-evaluated in a manner so as to prevent contamination i.e. via cystocentesis. Cystocentesis is the collection of urine directly from the bladder using a small needle and syringe. If the test is repeatable, then a culture of the urine may be indicated.
Epithelial Cells
Epithelial cells line the urinary tract and are normally found in small numbers in the urine sediment. Abnormal characteristics or increased numbers of epithelial cells may indicate infection, inflammation, trauma or tumor. Additional diagnostic tests such as ultrasound or radiographs may be recommended.
There are three types of epithelial cells:
There are three types of epithelial cells:
- Squamous
Squamous cells are large, thin cells, with a small, round central nucleus that’s irregularly outlined with angular borders that tend to fold on themselves; appearing singularly or in sheets. They originate from the distal urethra and vagina or prepuce and in small numbers are clinically insignificant; generally representing contamination due to catheterization or a voided sample. However, increased numbers of squamous cells may indicate squamous metaplasia, a non-cancerous prostatic disorder that causes enlargement of the prostate gland due to an excessive amount of estrogen in male dogs. The most commonly diagnosed tumor that causes squamous metaplasia is the estrogen producing tumor, Sertoli cell tumor. - Transitional
Transitional cells are of various size (although smaller than squamous), with a centrally located nuclei (occasionally binucleated) and of various forms, described by their shape (round, oval, linear, caudate). The caudate forms originate from the renal pelvis and have tapered ends resembling tails. Transitional cells originate from the renal pelvis to the urethra, lining the urinary tract. Irritation of the bladder will cause these cells to exfoliate into the urine; singularly or in clumps; large numbers should prompt further testing. - Renal tubular
Renal tubular epithelial cells are cuboidal in shape while in the kidney, but once released from the tubular basement membrane, they are almost perfectly round. They are small in size and typically have a large, eccentric nucleus. Renal tubular epithelial cells are a rare and abnormal finding in urine sediment and can indicate renal tubular damage or disease.
Mucus
The presence of mucus in small amounts is usually clinically insignificant and often observed in free-catch samples. An inflamed infection of the urinary tract will stimulate an overproduction of mucus in an attempt to cleanse the pet’s body of the bacteria causing the infection. Mucus appears as twisted, narrow strands often referred to as mucus threads. Mucus threads1 can resemble hyaline casts; however, the shape and borders of mucus threads is more irregular than that of hyaline casts, and the ends of mucus threads are tapered.
can resemble hyaline casts; however, the shape and borders of mucus threads is more irregular than that of hyaline casts, and the ends of mucus threads are tapered.
[1]Photo from Diagnostic methods, chemical, bacteriological and microscopical : a text-book for students and practitioners | Webster, Ralph W. (Ralph Waldo), 1873-1930, via archive.org
Casts
Casts are cylindrical molds of the kidney tubules and are composed of proteins, cells or cellular debris. Casts are always abnormal and indicate kidney damage. An ultrasound and possible kidney biopsy may be recommended to help further the diagnosis.
Although the type of cast can aid in determining the disease process, the amount of casts present is not an indicator of the severity, duration or reversibility of the disease. During cast formation, if erythrocytes, leukocytes or epithelial cells are present in the tubules, they will become embedded in the casts.
Types of Casts:
Although the type of cast can aid in determining the disease process, the amount of casts present is not an indicator of the severity, duration or reversibility of the disease. During cast formation, if erythrocytes, leukocytes or epithelial cells are present in the tubules, they will become embedded in the casts.
Types of Casts:
- Hyaline
Hyaline (translucent) casts may be difficult to see unless viewed in dim lighting. The presence of hyaline casts is an indicator of mild glomerular leakage. - Cellular
Cellular casts1 are derived from erythrocytes, leukocytes or epithelial cells that become imbedded in the protein matrix due to conglutination of these cells. Determining the exact cell type present in the cast may prove impractical due to cell deterioration (hence the general naming of the cast: "cellular"), therefore, urine sediment findings must be relied upon to suggest the cell type. - Granular
Granular casts2 are derived from degenerating cellular casts or may be the result of direct aggregation of proteins. In appearance, they resemble the shape of a cigar and are either fine or coarse in texture (depending on the degree of degeneration). Fine granular casts can be seen with fever or after vigorous exercise, whereas, fine or coarse granular casts are associated with renal injury. - Waxy
Waxy casts are derived from degenerating granular casts and represent the final stage in the degeneration of cells. Beginning as Cellular casts, they degenerate into Granular casts, then degenerate into Waxy casts. Waxy casts are homogeneous, like hyaline casts, yet more refractile with distinct outlines, making them easier to see compared to hyaline casts. In appearance, waxy casts typically have blunt ends and creviced sides. Waxy casts are associated with severe chronic renal disease and have been termed, "renal failure casts". - Fatty
Fatty casts3 are comprised of fat globules from degenerating tubular, lipid-rich epithelial cells. They are identified by the refractile lipid droplets which can be seen within the protein matrix of the casts. Although uncommon, fatty casts may suggest diabetes; and although most commonly seen in felines, they have also been seen in diabetic canines.
[1]Photo from Physical Diagnosis book | Cabot, Richard C. (Richard Clarke), 1868-1939, via archive.org; [2]Photo from Diagnostic methods, chemical, bacteriological and microscopical : a text-book for students and practitioners | Webster, Ralph W. (Ralph Waldo), 1873-1930, via archive.org; [3]Photo from Diagnostic methods, chemical, bacteriological and microscopical : a text-book for students and practitioners | Webster, Ralph W. (Ralph Waldo), 1873-1930, via archive.org
Crystals
Crystals are a common manifestation of normal urine, as long as they are few in number and characteristic for the breed and age of the pet being examined. Abnormal crystals may be identified that are associated with stone formation or a metabolic disease in your pet.
Types of Crystals:
Types of Crystals:
- Struvite Crystals
Struvite Crystals
form when there are urease producing bacteria in the urine and the pH of the urine is high (alkaline). Struvite crystals can also form in refrigerated samples after collection. Struvite crystals are colorless, appearing as glass in various large sizes and shape; from square to rectangular prisms, resembling that of a "coffin lid". The presence of struvite crystals can be a normal finding, however, it may also indicate a urinary tract infection. We will recommend a course of antibiotics and a special diet that dissolves struvite stones. - Calcium Oxalate Crystals
There are two types of Calcium Oxalate Crystals, Dihydrate and Monohydrate; and Monohydrates have two forms, picket fence shape and dumbbell shape. The presence of either oxalate may be seen in normal urine samples, although they are usually found in acidic (low pH) urine. Oxalate crystals can also form in refrigerated samples after collection. Oxalate crystals form as a result of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia is abnormally elevated levels of calcium in the bloodstream due to excessive ingestion of foods that are rich in oxalates, calcium or vitamin D. Oxalate crystals are also seen with Cushing’s disease. - Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate
The dihydrate type1
of calcium oxalate crystals are clear, 3-D squares that have diagonal intersecting lines from each corner resembling the back of an envelope; also visually referred to as a maltese cross. Dihydrate crystals vary greatly in size, from very small needing high magnification, to very large needing little magnification. These crystals have also been viewed individualized or in aggregates. - Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (picket fence form)
The "picket fence" form2 of the calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal varies in size and is clear, flat and elongated with pointed ends, giving it the picket fence look. The presence of monohydrates is normally a result of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity. - Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (dumbbell form)
The "dumbbell" form
of the calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal varies in size and resembles that of a dumbbell or spindle. - Ammonium (Urate) Biurate
In appearance, biurate (urate) crystals3 are yellow to brown, smooth, spheroid bodies with irregular protrusions shaped like a "thorn apple". These crystals form in alkaline (high pH) urine due to the increased concentration of ammonia and may be a normal finding in the urine of healthy cats and dogs. Dalmatians and English Bulldogs are predisposed to biurate (urate) crystals whereas they are commonly seen. Biurate (urate) crystals may be an indication of portosystemic shunts or liver disease/failure. - Cystine Crystals
Cystine crystals vary in size and are clear, flat, hexagonal in shape and generally form stacked together. Normally, cystine is filtered by the kidneys and never reaches the bladder, but if it does and the urine is acidic (low pH), crystals can easily form, because cystine becomes insoluble in acidic conditions. This inability to filter cystine from the urine is a genetic metabolic disorder known as cystinuria, therefore, the presence of cystine crystals is abnormal and indicative of cystinuria. Dogs with this disorder are at risk for the possible development of cystine uroliths.
[1]Photo by NASA/JSC [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons; [2]Photo by Cayla Devine [CC BY 2.0], via flickr; [3]Photo by Bobjgalindo (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Urine Clarity
The clarity of the urine sample is analyzed by visual inspection. Decreased clarity usually indicates the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells or crystals in the urine. Inflammation, urinary tract infection or urinary stones are some of the known causes.Urine Color
The color of the urine sample is analyzed by visual inspection. A normal characteristic of urine is its typical, golden straw color. However, some abnormal characteristics include bloody, cloudy or bright yellow urine in color; an indication of possible lower urinary tract or systemic disease.Urine Culture
Bacterial infections of the urinary tract are very common. A culture and sensitivity test is recommended because many drugs do not concentrate well in the urine and resistant bacteria can easily develop in the urinary tract and kidney. This test will allow the laboratory to grow the bacteria that is present, then test it against various antibiotics to determine which is the most effective at killing the particular strain involved in your pet's infection.Collection Method
The first step in a urinalysis is collecting a urine sample of the highest quality with minimal risk of complication to your pet. There are several important factors of the collection process that can affect the end results of a urinalysis test: The collection method, collection container, sample amount, handling of the sample and time lapse between collection & analysis (temperature). There are three main ways to collect urine and the method used will be discussed between you and your vet.
A free catch urine sample is also referred to as a "voided sample", and is the least invasive method for your pet, although may be challenging for you. As your pet urinates naturally and as the urine is voluntarily voided, collect a "midstream" sample into a dry, sterile container. This is not the preferred method for urine collection, as it can easily become contaminated during the collection process with debris from the urethra or environment; however, collecting midstream may reduce some bacteria contamination. Urine collected in this method can also contain sperm or prostatic discharges.
Note: The amount needed to collect is one (1) tablespoon or 15 ml. It is important that you collect the urine just before (or within 1 hour), of your appointment. Otherwise, refrigerate the sample for no longer than 12 hours. If the weather is hot during your trip to the vet, transport the collected urine sample in a cooler. DO NOT freeze the urine sample.
Note: The amount needed to collect is one (1) tablespoon or 15 ml. It is important that you collect the urine just before (or within 1 hour), of your appointment. Otherwise, refrigerate the sample for no longer than 12 hours. If the weather is hot during your trip to the vet, transport the collected urine sample in a cooler. DO NOT freeze the urine sample.
Cystocentesis is a more invasive method of urine collection, however, urine is not contaminated with debris from the urethra or elsewhere. Cystocentesis is the process of using a sterile needle, which is passed through the abdominal wall and into the bladder, withdrawing the urine directly into a sterile syringe. Given this method, the urine may be contaminated with a small amount of blood.
The method of catheterization is common practice and less invasive than cystocentesis. Like cystocentesis, urine is withdrawn directly from the bladder into a sterile syringe, free of contamination. However, instead of going through the abdominal wall to access the bladder; a sterile catheter is passed through the urethra and into the bladder. This procedure can cause mild irritation to the urethra.
Urinary Crystals -what do they mean?
Crystals are a common manifestation of normal urine, as long as they are few in number and characteristic for the breed and age of the pet being examined. Abnormal crystals may be identified that are associated with stone formation or a metabolic disease in your pet.
The kidney disposes of waste materials from the body. If certain minerals are present in high quantities they can form crystals. Calcium, phosphate and nitrogen containing minerals commonly form crystals in dog and cat urine.
The most common crystals are:
The exact mechanism of crystal formation is not known, however we do know:
The most common crystals are:
- struvite (magnesium, ammonium and phosphate),
- oxalate1
(calcium and carbon compounds), - urate/biurate2 (ammonium compounds) and
- cystine (silica and ammonium compounds).
The exact mechanism of crystal formation is not known, however we do know:
- Crystals do not form unless sufficiently high urine concentrations of urolith-forming constituents exist.
- Transit time of crystals within the urinary tract is prolonged.
- For selected stones (eg. struvite, cystine, urate), other favorable conditions for crystallization (eg. proper pH), must also exist.
The criteria can be affected by urinary tract infection, diet, intestinal absorption, urine volume, frequency of urination, therapeutic agents and genetics.
[1]Photo from Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science book, via archive.org; [2]Photo by Bobjgalindo (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Crystals are microscopic, but they can aggregate or clump together (often around bacteria), to form into stones called uroliths or calculi, which can cause obstructions and difficulty urinating. Urinary crystals are a precursor to bladder stones.
Characteristic Bladder Stones
Characteristic Bladder Stones
Routine urinalysis will detect the presence of urinary crystals. The crystals have characteristic shapes when viewed under a microscope, as in this example of struvite crystals.
Bladder stones are diagnosed with ultrasound or x-rays. Struvite and oxalate stones bigger than 3mm are visible on x-rays. This is an x-ray of a bladder stone.
An ultrasound of bladder stones
shows up as an irregular density or defect in the bladder wall.
Bladder stones are diagnosed with ultrasound or x-rays. Struvite and oxalate stones bigger than 3mm are visible on x-rays. This is an x-ray of a bladder stone. An ultrasound of bladder stones shows up as an irregular density or defect in the bladder wall.
Yes, even at low concentrations, the presence of crystals in the urine should not be ignored. We may recommend diets to dissolve stones, antibiotics to remove infection, a repeat urinalysis in a month to see if crystals are persistent or ultrasound/radiographs to check for stone formation. If struvite stones are recurring then a urine culture may be required.
The treatment recommendations will vary depending on the type and quantity of crystals. In general, diets will aim to reduce the mineral content of the urine, and increasing water intake will reduce the concentration of minerals in the urine, reducing the likelihood of stone formation.
– – – – –
Treatment Recommendations:
Struvite Crystals form when there are urease producing bacteria in the urine and the pH of the urine is high. We will recommend a course of antibiotics and a special diet that dissolves struvite stones.
Oxalate Crystals are most common in middle aged dogs. There is no diet which will dissolve these stones. Radiographs and ultrasound are required to check for bladder stones and a urinary culture will be carried out to check for bacterial infection. Stones are removed surgically and Hills prescription diet u/d can be used for prevention.
Urate/Biurate Crystals usually indicate liver problems, so a bile acid test and abdominal ultrasound will be recommended.
Cystine Crystals are hereditary in English Bulldogs; they require ultrasound and surgery.
– – – – –
Treatment Recommendations:
Struvite Crystals form when there are urease producing bacteria in the urine and the pH of the urine is high. We will recommend a course of antibiotics and a special diet that dissolves struvite stones.
Oxalate Crystals are most common in middle aged dogs. There is no diet which will dissolve these stones. Radiographs and ultrasound are required to check for bladder stones and a urinary culture will be carried out to check for bacterial infection. Stones are removed surgically and Hills prescription diet u/d can be used for prevention.
Urate/Biurate Crystals usually indicate liver problems, so a bile acid test and abdominal ultrasound will be recommended.
Cystine Crystals are hereditary in English Bulldogs; they require ultrasound and surgery.
Calcium Oxalates
To minimize calcium oxalate urolith recurrence we recommend diets with lower quantities of protien and sodium and adequate phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium. Canned diets are preferred over dry formulations, because the fluid intake should aid in minimizing the concentration of stone forming substances in the urine. The intake of treats should be monitored and the ingredients of those treats are important. The following are lists of approved, and not approved, ingredients.
What can my pet eat?
Some human foods permissable to feed to dogs with Calcium Oxalate Stones (in small quantities):
- Meats: eggs, poultry
- Vegetables: avocade, cabbage, cauliflower, mushrooms, green peas, radishes, white potatoes
- Fruits: avocado, banana, bing cherries, grapefruit, mangos, melons (cantaloupe, casaba, honeydew, watermelon) and plums (green or yellow)
- Breads, grains, or nuts: macaroni, rice, spaghetti
- Miscellaneous: Jellies, preserves
Human foods to AVOID
Some human foods to AVOID feeding to dogs with Calcium Oxalate Stones:
For most pets with Calcium Oxalate stones we recommend Science Diet prescription u/d for a complete, well balanced meal.
- Meats: bologna, herring, oysters, salmon, sardines
- Vegetables: asparagus, baked beans, broccoli, carrots, celery, corn, cucumber, eggplant, green beans, green peppers, lettuce, spinach, sweet potatoes, tofu, tomatoes
- Dairy: cheese, ice cream, milk, yogurt
- Fruits: apples, apricots, most cheeries and berries, peel of lemon/lime/orange, pineapple, tangerine
- Bread, grains, or nuts: corn bread, fruit cake, grits, peanuts, pecans, soybeans, wheatgerm
- Miscellaneous: beer, chocolate, cocoa, teas
For most pets with Calcium Oxalate stones we recommend Science Diet prescription u/d for a complete, well balanced meal.
Microscopic Analysis
Fecal Examination
A Fecal Flotation Test is the backbone of intestinal parasite identification. Fecal flotation is primarily used to identify the eggs of the parasites in your pet's stool. We recommend bringing a fecal sample with you for every visit, so we may check your pet for parasites or other infections.– – – – –
Parasitic Infections:
Whipworm Infection Present
Whipworm infection is revealed by a fecal examination. Whipworms may cause diarrhea, bloody stools and/or vomiting. The condition may be chronic or acute. In general, signs are similar to colitis or inflammation of the colon.
Trichomonas Infection Present
Trichomonas is a protozoan parasite that rarely causes intestinal disease. When the pet has been diagnosed with diarrhea associated with Trichomonas infection, it most likely indicates that another organism, probably bacterial, is causing the underlying disease. Testing and treatment for bacterial enteritis is recommended.
Hookworm Infestation Present -Puppy
Hookworm infestation is a common disease found in young animals. The pet will show signs of acute weakness, bloody diarrhea and pale gums. Physical examination may reveal that a slight heart murmur is present, which is associated with the anemia caused by an excessive blood loss caused by the worms.
Hookworm Infection Present
Hookworm infection indicates that adult hookworms are present in the small intestine of your pet. These worms are blood-sucking parasites that can rapidly lead to anemia and debilitation. Diarrhea, vomiting and black stools are common signs of infection.
Giardiasis Present
Giardiasis is an infection of a protozoan parasite called Giardia that resides in the small bowel and can cause chronic diarrhea, mild dehydration and weight loss.
Coccidia Infestation Present
Diarrhea that is mucoid, yellow and sticky is associated with fecal evidence of Coccidia Eggs. Coccidium is a protozoan parasite that infects the intestinal cells and causes their function to be impaired, thereby causing diarrhea. The parasite affects dogs and cats similarly.
Roundworm Infection Present
Roundworms are ascarid type parasites that infect a young animal. They are pathogenic (disease causing), to the lungs and the intestinal tract.
Tapeworm Infection Present
Tapeworms are intestinal worms which belong to the cestode family. Dipylidium caninum is the most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats.
Tapeworms consist of several flat ¼ - ½" small segments which link together and, as adults, can grow up to 8 inches in length. Residing at full length in the intestinal tract, they shed their segments in short chains, or individually, and are passed in the feces. They look like grains of rice by size and color and can sometimes be seen moving on the pet’s anus hairs or on the passed feces. The tapeworm segment turns golden in color as it dries, and ultimately breaks open and releases the fertilized eggs into the environment. Once released into the environment, they are swallowed by their needed intermediate host; immature flea larvae, where the tapeworm egg continues to grow and mature along with the flea. The lifecycle is completed when the pet swallows an infected flea during a flea bite or while grooming.
Tapeworms consist of several flat ¼ - ½" small segments which link together and, as adults, can grow up to 8 inches in length. Residing at full length in the intestinal tract, they shed their segments in short chains, or individually, and are passed in the feces. They look like grains of rice by size and color and can sometimes be seen moving on the pet’s anus hairs or on the passed feces. The tapeworm segment turns golden in color as it dries, and ultimately breaks open and releases the fertilized eggs into the environment. Once released into the environment, they are swallowed by their needed intermediate host; immature flea larvae, where the tapeworm egg continues to grow and mature along with the flea. The lifecycle is completed when the pet swallows an infected flea during a flea bite or while grooming.
Negative Fecal Examination Result
The fecal test was negative for roundworm, hookworm, whipworm and tapeworm eggs. No coccidia or giardia cysts were observed.
The Centers for Disease Control Website (CDC) recommends that all cats and dogs are strategically dewormed against roundworms and hookworms even following a negative fecal test. This is to reduce the risk of human infection. Because all cats and dogs are born with worms, there are high levels of environmental contamination which causes reinfection. Also, larvae in kitten and puppies form cysts in the body which, during periods of stress, can continue developing and migrate to the intestines. In addition to this, the fecal test can only detect the presence of adult worms in the intestine, so there is a possibilty that immature larvae may be migrating through the body. The only way to reduce the risk of visceral larval migrans in humans is to deworm pets regularly. Visceral larval migrans can cause blindness, brain damage, liver or lung disease.
Sarcoma
Sarcoma (from the Greek 'sarx' meaning "flesh") is a cancer of the connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels), and soft tissue. This is a general term that indicates the cells are cancerous in appearance, but there is no definitive source of the cells that can be identified at this time.Histopathology
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
A metastatic adenocarcinoma is a condition where adenocarcinoma is spreading by either the lymphatic system or blood vessels to distant parts of the pet's body. Our next step is to evaluate the patient for a primary site (for example mammary gland region). Chest radiographs is also recommended, to rule out pulmonary metastasis. A guarded prognosis is warranted.Mast Cell Tumor
Mast cells are part of the immune (defense) system and are made up of granule rich histamine, heparin and proteolytic enzymes (toxins). These cells play a crucial part in fighting off foreign bodies with the help of these toxins.Many of these cells together can form a mast cell tumor; the exact cause of this formation is controversial. Mast cell tumors are the most common skin tumors in dogs, however, they can also form in other tissues and can be benign or malignant. The removal or damage of these tumors can have significant effects on body functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate, should a large amount of these toxins become released into the body.
Mast cell tumors can form in any dog, regardless of breed or age. However, they are more common in older dogs (8+ yrs.) and the following breeds: Beagle, Boston Terrier, Boxer, Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldogs, Golden Retriever, Labrador, Pugs, Retriever, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Schnauzer, Shar-Pei, Staffordshire Terrier and Weimaraner.
Possible symptoms include vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, blood in the stool and prolonged blood clotting time, due to the release of histamine from an active mast cell tumor.
Immunologic Tests
Allergy Testing
A-topic dermatitis indicates an itchy disease of the skin that is primarily caused by an adverse reaction to plant pollens, grasses, dust or other allergens. These substances, when inside the body, stimulate the release of histamine and other itch-causing substances to form mast cells in the skin. This reaction can be blocked with antibodies created by vaccination against the substances that your pet is allergic to. In order to create such a vaccine, we need to test your pet's blood for the presence of allergic reaction to these substances. The test will pinpoint which pollens or other allergens that are the offenders. A vaccine will then be made against those substances specifically for your pet. This vaccination will require you to give it to your pet on a regular schedule in order to prevent this excessive itch reaction from occurring.ANA
The Antinuclear (ANA), test identifies the presence of antibodies against self-components found in the nucleus of the cell. It is the best test currently available and is positive in 90% of dogs with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Coomb's
A Coomb's test determines certain antigen-antibody reactions. This test is performed on a blood sample and helps us diagnose certain immune diseases.Western Blot FIV
This is a more specific test that is recommended when a cat has tested Positive for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), on a screening test. This test can help eliminate the false positive reactions that can occur with the screening test.Fecal Examination
A Fecal Flotation Test is the backbone of intestinal parasite identification. Fecal flotation is primarily used to identify the eggs of the parasites in your pet's stool. We recommend bringing a fecal sample with you for every visit, so we may check your pet for parasites or other infections.– – – – –
Parasitic Infections:
Whipworm Infection Present
Whipworm infection is revealed by a fecal examination. Whipworms may cause diarrhea, bloody stools and/or vomiting. The condition may be chronic or acute. In general, signs are similar to colitis or inflammation of the colon.
Trichomonas Infection Present
Trichomonas is a protozoan parasite that rarely causes intestinal disease. When the pet has been diagnosed with diarrhea associated with Trichomonas infection, it most likely indicates that another organism, probably bacterial, is causing the underlying disease. Testing and treatment for bacterial enteritis is recommended.
Hookworm Infestation Present -Puppy
Hookworm infestation is a common disease found in young animals. The pet will show signs of acute weakness, bloody diarrhea and pale gums. Physical examination may reveal that a slight heart murmur is present, which is associated with the anemia caused by an excessive blood loss caused by the worms.
Hookworm Infection Present
Hookworm infection indicates that adult hookworms are present in the small intestine of your pet. These worms are blood-sucking parasites that can rapidly lead to anemia and debilitation. Diarrhea, vomiting and black stools are common signs of infection.
Giardiasis Present
Giardiasis is an infection of a protozoan parasite called Giardia that resides in the small bowel and can cause chronic diarrhea, mild dehydration and weight loss.
Coccidia Infestation Present
Diarrhea that is mucoid, yellow and sticky is associated with fecal evidence of Coccidia Eggs. Coccidium is a protozoan parasite that infects the intestinal cells and causes their function to be impaired, thereby causing diarrhea. The parasite affects dogs and cats similarly.
Roundworm Infection Present
Roundworms are ascarid type parasites that infect a young animal. They are pathogenic (disease causing), to the lungs and the intestinal tract.
Tapeworm Infection Present
Tapeworms are intestinal worms which belong to the cestode family. Dipylidium caninum is the most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats.
Tapeworms consist of several flat ¼ - ½" small segments which link together and, as adults, can grow up to 8 inches in length. Residing at full length in the intestinal tract, they shed their segments in short chains, or individually, and are passed in the feces. They look like grains of rice by size and color and can sometimes be seen moving on the pet’s anus hairs or on the passed feces. The tapeworm segment turns golden in color as it dries, and ultimately breaks open and releases the fertilized eggs into the environment. Once released into the environment, they are swallowed by their needed intermediate host; immature flea larvae, where the tapeworm egg continues to grow and mature along with the flea. The lifecycle is completed when the pet swallows an infected flea during a flea bite or while grooming.
Tapeworms consist of several flat ¼ - ½" small segments which link together and, as adults, can grow up to 8 inches in length. Residing at full length in the intestinal tract, they shed their segments in short chains, or individually, and are passed in the feces. They look like grains of rice by size and color and can sometimes be seen moving on the pet’s anus hairs or on the passed feces. The tapeworm segment turns golden in color as it dries, and ultimately breaks open and releases the fertilized eggs into the environment. Once released into the environment, they are swallowed by their needed intermediate host; immature flea larvae, where the tapeworm egg continues to grow and mature along with the flea. The lifecycle is completed when the pet swallows an infected flea during a flea bite or while grooming.
Negative Fecal Examination Result
The fecal test was negative for roundworm, hookworm, whipworm and tapeworm eggs. No coccidia or giardia cysts were observed.
The Centers for Disease Control Website (CDC) recommends that all cats and dogs are strategically dewormed against roundworms and hookworms even following a negative fecal test. This is to reduce the risk of human infection. Because all cats and dogs are born with worms, there are high levels of environmental contamination which causes reinfection. Also, larvae in kitten and puppies form cysts in the body which, during periods of stress, can continue developing and migrate to the intestines. In addition to this, the fecal test can only detect the presence of adult worms in the intestine, so there is a possibilty that immature larvae may be migrating through the body. The only way to reduce the risk of visceral larval migrans in humans is to deworm pets regularly. Visceral larval migrans can cause blindness, brain damage, liver or lung disease.
Sarcoma
Sarcoma (from the Greek 'sarx' meaning "flesh") is a cancer of the connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels), and soft tissue. This is a general term that indicates the cells are cancerous in appearance, but there is no definitive source of the cells that can be identified at this time.Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
A metastatic adenocarcinoma is a condition where adenocarcinoma is spreading by either the lymphatic system or blood vessels to distant parts of the pet's body. Our next step is to evaluate the patient for a primary site (for example mammary gland region). Chest radiographs is also recommended, to rule out pulmonary metastasis. A guarded prognosis is warranted.Mast Cell Tumor
Mast cells are part of the immune (defense) system and are made up of granule rich histamine, heparin and proteolytic enzymes (toxins). These cells play a crucial part in fighting off foreign bodies with the help of these toxins.Many of these cells together can form a mast cell tumor; the exact cause of this formation is controversial. Mast cell tumors are the most common skin tumors in dogs, however, they can also form in other tissues and can be benign or malignant. The removal or damage of these tumors can have significant effects on body functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate, should a large amount of these toxins become released into the body.
Mast cell tumors can form in any dog, regardless of breed or age. However, they are more common in older dogs (8+ yrs.) and the following breeds: Beagle, Boston Terrier, Boxer, Cocker Spaniel, English Bulldogs, Golden Retriever, Labrador, Pugs, Retriever, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Schnauzer, Shar-Pei, Staffordshire Terrier and Weimaraner.
Possible symptoms include vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, blood in the stool and prolonged blood clotting time, due to the release of histamine from an active mast cell tumor.
Allergy Testing
A-topic dermatitis indicates an itchy disease of the skin that is primarily caused by an adverse reaction to plant pollens, grasses, dust or other allergens. These substances, when inside the body, stimulate the release of histamine and other itch-causing substances to form mast cells in the skin. This reaction can be blocked with antibodies created by vaccination against the substances that your pet is allergic to. In order to create such a vaccine, we need to test your pet's blood for the presence of allergic reaction to these substances. The test will pinpoint which pollens or other allergens that are the offenders. A vaccine will then be made against those substances specifically for your pet. This vaccination will require you to give it to your pet on a regular schedule in order to prevent this excessive itch reaction from occurring.ANA
The Antinuclear (ANA), test identifies the presence of antibodies against self-components found in the nucleus of the cell. It is the best test currently available and is positive in 90% of dogs with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Coomb's
A Coomb's test determines certain antigen-antibody reactions. This test is performed on a blood sample and helps us diagnose certain immune diseases.Western Blot FIV
This is a more specific test that is recommended when a cat has tested Positive for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), on a screening test. This test can help eliminate the false positive reactions that can occur with the screening test.Gastrointestinal Tests
Fecal Smear
A Fecal Smear is prepared with a very small amount of feces and is a technique used to diagnose parasite eggs, bacteria and protozoa. Smears are needed for all animals less than six months of age, all exotic animals and all animals with diarrhea or intestinal disease.*We recommend bringing a fecal sample with you for every visit, so we may check your pet for parasites or other infections.
Fecal Culture
A Fecal Culture is a culture of the feces which is used to grow bacteria in the sample in the laboratory. The grown bacteria are then tested for their sensitivity to antibiotics that may be used to treat the attending problem. Bacterial resistance is on the rise and is caused by using the wrong antibiotic on the wrong bacteria. Therefore, it is best to make sure the medications are effective the first time.Histopathology
Histopathology is the study of the function and structure of tissues as they are affected by disease on a minute, cellular level. Biopsy material is taken and sent to a reference laboratory for preparation and fixation. A board certified histopathologist will examine the cells and architecture of the tissue to render a diagnostic impression of the disease process in your pet. A written report will follow within several days. Additional treatment, if needed, will be based on these results.Fecal Examination
A Fecal Flotation Test is the backbone of intestinal parasite identification. Fecal flotation is primarily used to identify the eggs of the parasites in your pet's stool. We recommend bringing a fecal sample with you for every visit, so we may check your pet for parasites or other infections.– – – – –
Parasitic Infections:
Whipworm Infection Present
Whipworm infection is revealed by a fecal examination. Whipworms may cause diarrhea, bloody stools and/or vomiting. The condition may be chronic or acute. In general, signs are similar to colitis or inflammation of the colon.
Trichomonas Infection Present
Trichomonas is a protozoan parasite that rarely causes intestinal disease. When the pet has been diagnosed with diarrhea associated with Trichomonas infection, it most likely indicates that another organism, probably bacterial, is causing the underlying disease. Testing and treatment for bacterial enteritis is recommended.
Hookworm Infestation Present -Puppy
Hookworm infestation is a common disease found in young animals. The pet will show signs of acute weakness, bloody diarrhea and pale gums. Physical examination may reveal that a slight heart murmur is present, which is associated with the anemia caused by an excessive blood loss caused by the worms.
Hookworm Infection Present
Hookworm infection indicates that adult hookworms are present in the small intestine of your pet. These worms are blood-sucking parasites that can rapidly lead to anemia and debilitation. Diarrhea, vomiting and black stools are common signs of infection.
Giardiasis Present
Giardiasis is an infection of a protozoan parasite called Giardia that resides in the small bowel and can cause chronic diarrhea, mild dehydration and weight loss.
Coccidia Infestation Present
Diarrhea that is mucoid, yellow and sticky is associated with fecal evidence of Coccidia Eggs. Coccidium is a protozoan parasite that infects the intestinal cells and causes their function to be impaired, thereby causing diarrhea. The parasite affects dogs and cats similarly.
Roundworm Infection Present
Roundworms are ascarid type parasites that infect a young animal. They are pathogenic (disease causing), to the lungs and the intestinal tract.
Tapeworm Infection Present
Tapeworms consist of several flat ¼ - ½" small segments which link together and, as adults, can grow up to 8 inches in length. Residing at full length in the intestinal tract, they shed their segments in short chains, or individually, and are passed in the feces. They look like grains of rice by size and color and can sometimes be seen moving on the pet’s anus hairs or on the passed feces. The tapeworm segment turns golden in color as it dries, and ultimately breaks open and releases the fertilized eggs into the environment. Once released into the environment, they are swallowed by their needed intermediate host; immature flea larvae, where the tapeworm egg continues to grow and mature along with the flea. The lifecycle is completed when the pet swallows an infected flea during a flea bite or while grooming.
Negative Fecal Examination Result
The fecal test was negative for roundworm, hookworm, whipworm and tapeworm eggs. No coccidia or giardia cysts were observed.
The Centers for Disease Control Website (CDC) recommends that all cats and dogs are strategically dewormed against roundworms and hookworms even following a negative fecal test. This is to reduce the risk of human infection. Because all cats and dogs are born with worms, there are high levels of environmental contamination which causes reinfection. Also, larvae in kitten and puppies form cysts in the body which, during periods of stress, can continue developing and migrate to the intestines. In addition to this, the fecal test can only detect the presence of adult worms in the intestine, so there is a possibilty that immature larvae may be migrating through the body. The only way to reduce the risk of visceral larval migrans in humans is to deworm pets regularly. Visceral larval migrans can cause blindness, brain damage, liver or lung disease.
Endoscopic Examination -Lower GI Tract
This is the cornerstone of diagnosing diseases of the intestinal tract. Fiberoptic visualization of the lining of the digestive tract can greatly aid in the accurate collection of biopsy specimens and evaluation of the disease state of the digestive tract. This procedure must be completed under general anesthesia and prior preparation of the digestive tract and colon is necessary.The flexible endoscope will be guided to examine the rectum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse colon, the caecum and distal ileum. The examination will be directed at determining the wall thickness, friability (whether the tissue is brittle), and the presence ulcers, polyps or foreign material. Biopsies are taken of all these structures for microscopic analysis.
Cobalamin and Folate
Folate and Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), blood test levels are used to assess for malabsorption and bacterial overgrowth.Fecal Gram Stain
The Fecal Gram Stain helps us distinguish the type of bacteria that is present. Bacteria that stain blue with the Gram stain are called "Gram Positive" and bacteria that stain red are "Gram Negative". In general, Gram Negative bacteria causes more disease and are more difficult to treat than Gram Positive organisms. We recommend bringing a fecal sample with you for every visit, so we may check your pet for parasites or other infections.Contrast Radiology-Gastrointestinal
Radiographs are recommended to help determine the cause of your pet's illness and identify any other conditions that may or may not be related to this disease process. After survey radiographs are completed, another series of radiographs will be taken using a contrast medium to better define the gastrointestinal system and evaluate for foreign objects or obstruction. This contrast medium may be given as a barium liquid or in the form of BIPS (barium impregnated beads).Radiographs - Abdominal
Abdominal radiographs ("x-rays"), may be helpful in determining an enlargement of the abdominal organs, presence of excessive gas, fluid in the abdomen or the presence of foreign objects within the intestinal tract. Usually abdominal radiographs can be performed without anesthesia.Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity
This is useful in dogs and cats with intestinal disease and helps evaluate Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) as a cause of malabsorption of nutrients. It is also used to identify occult (hard to detect), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).Bile Acid Assay
The Bile Acid Assay is a determination of liver and gall bladder function in your pet. Bile acids undergo a circular path from the liver to the gall bladder, through the bile ducts to the small intestine, and then into the blood. Once in the blood, the bile acids are processed by the liver and stored back again in the gall bladder. Bile acids increase in the blood stream after a meal. When the gall bladder empties, bile acids decrease as the liver processes them. Blood values can determine the effectiveness of the liver in this process, which is an indication of the overall liver function.First, the pet is fasted. Blood will then be drawn from your pet, pre- and post- meal, to accurately measure the bile acid levels before and after eating.
If the bile acid levels are high, the liver isn't functioning properly and isn’t removing the bile acids from the blood.
7 - 95 µmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Bile Acid
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that the functional properties of your pet's liver are normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that the functional properties of your pet's liver are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Bile Acid
Mildly increased bile acid levels indicate a mild reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made. If your pet is not ill nor showing signs of liver disease at this time, we recommend repeating this test in 14 days to determine the trend of the disease before performing a liver biopsy.
Mildly increased bile acid levels indicate a mild reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made. If your pet is not ill nor showing signs of liver disease at this time, we recommend repeating this test in 14 days to determine the trend of the disease before performing a liver biopsy.
Moderate Increase -Bile Acid
Moderately increased bile acid levels indicate a moderate reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. We recommend that either an ultrasound-guided biopsy or an exploratory, surgical biopsy be performed. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Moderately increased bile acid levels indicate a moderate reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. We recommend that either an ultrasound-guided biopsy or an exploratory, surgical biopsy be performed. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Severe Increase -Bile Acid
Severely increased bile acid levels indicate a severe reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Severely increased bile acid levels indicate a severe reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Increased Bile Acid
Portosystemic shunts are congenitally abnormal blood vessels that bypass the liver allowing the blood from the intestines to bypass the normal detoxification process. This toxin rich blood can cause adverse effects on the brain, resulting in neurologic signs (signs of the nervous system). Examples of these signs are: wandering, apparent blindness, head pressing, seizures and drooling in young animals shortly after a meal. Other indications you may see in the pet include slow growth from an early age, excessive thirst and drinking, voracious appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.
Portosystemic shunts are congenitally abnormal blood vessels that bypass the liver allowing the blood from the intestines to bypass the normal detoxification process. This toxin rich blood can cause adverse effects on the brain, resulting in neurologic signs (signs of the nervous system). Examples of these signs are: wandering, apparent blindness, head pressing, seizures and drooling in young animals shortly after a meal. Other indications you may see in the pet include slow growth from an early age, excessive thirst and drinking, voracious appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.
Fructosamine
Fructosamine is useful for monitoring the response to therapy in diabetic patients because persistent changes in glucose are reflected more rapidly. The fructosamine is a reflection of the level of control of your pet's diabetic condition. If the value is above normal then further more specific tests such as a glucose curve may be recommended.
177-314 µmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Fructosamine
A decrease in fructosamine could be due to prolonged hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism or insulin overdose.
A decrease in fructosamine could be due to prolonged hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism or insulin overdose.
Normal Fructosamine
Your pet passed this test; fructosamine levels are within the normal range value.
Your pet passed this test; fructosamine levels are within the normal range value.
Increased Fructosamine
An increase in fructosamine is due to diabetes mellitus, hemolysis (certain methodologies) or insulin overdose (with Somogyi rebound effect).
An increase in fructosamine is due to diabetes mellitus, hemolysis (certain methodologies) or insulin overdose (with Somogyi rebound effect).
Fructosamine levels in diabetic cats and dogs
300 - 350 excellent glycemic control350 - 400 good
400 - 450 fair
over 450 poor (not enough insulin)
less 250 prolonged hypoglycemia (too much insulin)
Fecal Cytology
Fecal Cytology is the study of cells in the fecal material. Microscopic examination of a stained fecal smear can reveal the type of inflammatory reaction that your pet may be having. White blood cells and red blood cells can be evaluated to determine the cause of your pet's illness. We recommend bringing a fecal sample with you for every visit, so we may check your pet for parasites or other infections.Abdominal Ultrasound / Biopsy
The ultrasound allows for the evaluation of all the abdominal organs for disease. It is a window into the body that allows for determination of many disease processes that cannot be seen on radiographs (x-rays), physical examinations or blood tests. The ultrasound can also be used to guide needles directly into the diseased or abnormal-appearing tissue for a biopsy.Fecal Tests
Testing the stools for the presence of worms or worm eggs can identify intestinal parasites. We recommend these tests to identify parasites that may be either a threat to your pet or to your family.– – – – –
Related Tests:
Fecal Culture
A Fecal Culture is a test used to determine the type of parasite(s) that may be present in the stool sample. The sample (possibly) containing parasitic eggs is isolated and grown in a culture medium.
Fecal Culture & Sensitivity
The Fecal Culture and Sensitivity test is used to determine the type of parasite(s) that may be present in the stool and the appropriate medication needed to kill the parasites.
First (Culture): The sample (possibly) containing parasites is isolated and grown in a culture medium.
Second (Sensitivity): Different medications are tested against the parasite(s) to rule out the least effective and determine the most effective medication for treatment.
Normal Culture: There were no parasites detected in the sample provided, therefore, there is no need for treatment.
First (Culture): The sample (possibly) containing parasites is isolated and grown in a culture medium.
Second (Sensitivity): Different medications are tested against the parasite(s) to rule out the least effective and determine the most effective medication for treatment.
Normal Culture: There were no parasites detected in the sample provided, therefore, there is no need for treatment.
Fecal Culture & Sensitivity (Avian)
The Fecal Culture and Sensitivity test is used to determine the type of parasite(s) that may be present in the stool and the appropriate medication needed to kill the parasites.
First (Culture): The sample (possibly) containing parasites is isolated and grown in a culture medium.
Second (Sensitivity): Different medications are tested against the parasite(s) to rule out the least effective and determine the most effective medication for treatment.
Normal Culture: There were no parasites detected in the sample provided, therefore, there is no need for treatment.
First (Culture): The sample (possibly) containing parasites is isolated and grown in a culture medium.
Second (Sensitivity): Different medications are tested against the parasite(s) to rule out the least effective and determine the most effective medication for treatment.
Normal Culture: There were no parasites detected in the sample provided, therefore, there is no need for treatment.
Fecal Examination -MPR
A Fecal Flotation Examination is performed using a special liquid that causes the parasite eggs to separate from the stool and float to the top of the liquid. The eggs are then placed on a glass slide and examined under a microscope to check the stool for the presence of worms or worm eggs such as roundworm, hookworm, whipworm and tapeworm, and can identify intestinal parasites such as coccidia and giardia.
Fecal Fat and Fiber
A Fecal Fat and Fiber test is useful in determining possible poor digestion or malabsorption issues.
Fecal Float Exam Avian/Exotic
A Fecal Flotation Examination is performed using a special liquid that causes the parasite eggs to separate from the stool and float to the top of the liquid. The eggs are then placed on a glass slide and examined under a microscope to check the stool for the presence of parasites.
Fecal Smear (only)
A Fecal Smear is just that; a smear of fecus on a glass slide that is then examined under a microscope for the presence of parasitic eggs or parasites.
Fecal Smear Avian/Exotic
A Fecal Smear is just that; a smear of fecus on a glass slide that is then examined under a microscope for the presence of parasitic eggs or parasites.
Fecal Occult Blood
Fecal Occult Blood refers to the presence of unseen blood in the stool. This is a microscopic test able to detect small amounts of blood that otherwise would not be seen.
Fecal Trypsin
This test is used to detect Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI). Trypsin is a digestive enzyme produced by the exocrine pancreas. With EPI, the pancreas fails to produce and release trypsin to the intestine where it is needed to break down and digest the food. An inability to digest food and nourish the body is very serious and left untreated, can lead to death. German Shepherds are predisposed to EPI.
Symptoms of EPI include: increased appetite and eating unusual substances despite extreme weight loss, excessive diarrhea that looks greasy, yellowish and sometimes grey in color, sudden changes in personality/behavior, gas and notable stomach rumbling.
Symptoms of EPI include: increased appetite and eating unusual substances despite extreme weight loss, excessive diarrhea that looks greasy, yellowish and sometimes grey in color, sudden changes in personality/behavior, gas and notable stomach rumbling.
Cardiovascular Tests
Ultrasound - Heart
We recommend an Echocardiogram for your pet. This is an ultrasonic evaluation of the heart function. This is now the "gold standard" for determining the presence and severity of heart dysfunction. This test can be used as a window to the heart, allowing us to see the valves and internal structure of the heart in motion. Measurements will be taken and compared to normal values to help determine the degree of abnormality present, if any. These values aid in determination of a treatment protocol customized for your pet's condition.Heartworm Screening
Heartworms are transmitted from infected pets to healthy pets by mosquitoes. When a mosquito bites your pet, heartworm larva from the mosquito's saliva uses the puncture wound to enter the skin. After several months of development, the larvae arrive at the lungs where they mature to the adult heartworms. The adults reside in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. Here, they reproduce, creating larval heartworms (microfilaria). Microfilaria circulates in your pet's blood waiting for transport to another pet by the mosquito. It is the reaction of the pet's body to the presence of the worms and their waste materials that causes the disease.– – – – –
Screening Tests:
- Microfilaria Test: A microfilaria test evaluates for the presence of baby heartworms.
- Occult Heartworm Test: The occult heartworm test evaluates for the presence of adult heartworms.
read more...
Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. The presence of these microfilaria not only indicates that your pet is infected with adult worms, but that it would be very dangerous to give heartworm prevention to your pet.
Procedure:
To perform the microfilaria test, a single drop of blood is examined under the microscope to look for the presence of microfilaria. This test is the minimal requirement for the administration of heartworm preventative. This test is done in-house, with results usually available within the hour. If this test is negative, you may start prevention; however, a negative test does not guarantee that your pet does not have adult heartworms. Approximately one third of heartworm positive dogs will not have circulating microfilaria when tested.
Procedure:
To perform the microfilaria test, a single drop of blood is examined under the microscope to look for the presence of microfilaria. This test is the minimal requirement for the administration of heartworm preventative. This test is done in-house, with results usually available within the hour. If this test is negative, you may start prevention; however, a negative test does not guarantee that your pet does not have adult heartworms. Approximately one third of heartworm positive dogs will not have circulating microfilaria when tested.
read more...
An occult heartworm test uses a sample of blood to evaluate for the presence of waste products from heartworms. If this test result is positive, this confirms that your pet has heartworms. Further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet. If the test is negative, then your pet does not have heartworms and can be safely started or continued on heartworm preventative.
Microfilaria Test Results
Negative
Your pet's blood sample has been examined and your pet is NEGATIVE for baby heartworms at this time. Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. You can start heartworm prevention today, however, a negative test does NOT guarantee that your pet does not have adult heartworms.
Positive
Your pet's blood sample has been examined and your pet is POSITIVE for baby heartworms at this time. Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. Do not start heartworm prevention.
Recommendations: An occult heartworm test is recommended to confirm the presence of adult heartworms in your pet. If this test returns positive as expected, then further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Recommendations: An occult heartworm test is recommended to confirm the presence of adult heartworms in your pet. If this test returns positive as expected, then further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Occult Heartworm Test Results
Negative
Your pet tested NEGATIVE on the occult heartworm test. A negative occult heartworm test is confirmation that your pet does NOT have heartworm disease. If your pet is not on monthly heartworm preventative then it should be started now. If already using prevention, then continue without interruption. If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Positive
Your pet tested POSITIVE on the occult heartworm test. A positive occult heartworm test is confirmation that your pet DOES have heartworm disease. Further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Heartworm Antibody
It has recently been determined that cats are also at a greater risk for heartworm infection similar to dogs, however, cats respond very differently to heartworms than dogs. Some of the clinical signs in cats are vomiting, coughing, asthma and sudden death. Any of these signs, as well as overt signs of heart disease, indicate a need for testing. Cats with heartworm infection usually have only a few heartworms. The tests used to detect heartworms in dogs are not sensitive enough to determine infections with low worm numbers and they only test for the presence of female heartworms. Infections with only male heartworms in cats would be missed with the tests used for dogs. Antibody testing of this infection is valuable with cats, because it allows for the detection of both male and female worms, as well as very low worm burdens, therefore, increasing the test sensitivity.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
This test indicates that your cat has NOT been exposed to feline heartworms.
Positive
This test indicates that your cat has had internal growth and migration of the canine heartworm. This infection in a cat represents an abberant host and "normal" heartworm disease may not be present. In some cases, heartworms in cats migrate in tissues with no harm and, in other cases they infect the heart and major arteries which feed the lungs, causing significant and often fatal disease. Additional testing will be recommended, to determine the type of infection your cat may have.
Thyroid Testing
Thyroid testing is performed because the thyroid is an important gland responsible for the level of metabolic activity of the body. Hyperthyroidism is common in older pets (in particular cats) and is the cause of high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart disease. Occasionally, low-circulating blood thyroid hormone can be associated with slow heart rates and first-degree heart block.The thyroid gland regulates the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal tissue formation. The skin is the most rapidly dividing tissue and, therefore, many skin diseases may be caused or worsened by abnormal thyroid function.
Low thyroid hormone is the most common hormonal cause of skin and ear disease in dogs. Thyroid involvement should be suspected in any pet with both skin and ear disease, as well as any ear disease that involves excessive wax production.
The Thyroid (T4) Test is a test that evaluates thyroid function. Hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4); T4 being the primary hormone produced in response to stimulation by the pituitary gland.
1 - 4 µg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
Normal (T4) Thyroid Hormone
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Increased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
Heartworm Microfilaria Test
Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. The presence of these microfilaria not only indicates that your pet is infected with adult worms, but that it would be very dangerous to give heartworm prevention to your pet.– – – – –
Procedure:
To perform the microfilaria test, a single drop of blood is examined under the microscope to look for the presence of microfilaria. This test is the minimal requirement for the administration of heartworm preventative. This test is done in-house, with results usually available within the hour. If this test is negative, you may start prevention as soon as today. If the test returns positive, do NOT give your pet heartworm prevention medicine.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet's blood sample has been examined and your pet is NEGATIVE for baby heartworms at this time. Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. You can start heartworm prevention today, however, a negative test does NOT guarantee that your pet does not have adult heartworms.
Note: A negative result for this test does not guarantee that your pet does not have heartworms, only that it does not have "baby" heartworms. Approximately one third of heartworm positive dogs will not have circulating microfilaria when tested.
Note: A negative result for this test does not guarantee that your pet does not have heartworms, only that it does not have "baby" heartworms. Approximately one third of heartworm positive dogs will not have circulating microfilaria when tested.
Positive
Your pet's blood sample has been examined and your pet is POSITIVE for baby heartworms at this time. Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. Do not start heartworm prevention.
Recommendations: An occult heartworm test is recommended to confirm the presence of adult heartworms in your pet. If this test returns positive as expected, then further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Recommendations: An occult heartworm test is recommended to confirm the presence of adult heartworms in your pet. If this test returns positive as expected, then further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Blood Pressure Test
Elevated blood pressure is a very serious complication of heart and kidney disease. Blood pressure measurement is easy with new, high technology. Doppler equipment and can be completed with no discomfort to your pet. Heart disease, kidney disease, anesthesia, position of your pet, fluid administration and fluid losses can all affect your pet's blood pressure. Blood pressure monitors can also be used to monitor your pet's blood pressure while your pet is under anesthesia.Feline Heartworm Antigen
The Feline Heartworm Antigen test is a blood test that will detect infections with adult, female worms only. A negative antigen test result, in the presence of suggestive clinical signs and a positive antibody test result, does not preclude heartworm infection and feline dirofilariasis (heartworm disease), should still be suspected.ECG
The ECG, or Electrocardiogram, is a noninvasive, safe procedure to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It can help determine the reason for irregular heartbeats and abnormal heart sounds and determine heart dysfunction in pets that have no external signs of heart disease.Eye Tests
Glaucoma Test
A Glaucoma Screening will help us determine if the eye contains excessive pressure, which is generated by fluid production within the eye. As the fluid is produced, it is drained from the eye through the filtration angle. Anything that reduces the drainage of the fluid will cause an increase in the pressure within the eye, which can lead to blindness due to the negative effect on the retinal and optic nerve. Increased intraocular pressure is called glaucoma, which is a common hereditary disease in many pets and routine screening is recommended.Ocular Ultrasound
Ocular ultrasound is a painless imaging technique used to evaluate structures within, around and behind your pet's eye. Retinal detachment, intraocular tumors, masses behind the eye and inflammation of the posterior portion of the eye or optic nerve can be diagnosed with ultrasound.Schirmer Tear Test
A Schirmer Tear Test measures the production of tears and is used in the diagnosis of various eye diseases and conditions, inlcuding keratoconjunctivits sicca (KCS). The outer, clear part of the eye is called the cornea. It is clear so that our pets can perceive light through it. It sacrifices a blood supply for this clarity, thus, it lives entirely on tears. If tear production diminishes, the cornea suffers. A Schirmer Tear Test determines if the tear production is adequate to keep the cornea healthy. It is done by placing a strip of special filter paper inside the eyelid, which collects the tears for measurement.Ultrasound - Heart
We recommend an Echocardiogram for your pet. This is an ultrasonic evaluation of the heart function. This is now the "gold standard" for determining the presence and severity of heart dysfunction. This test can be used as a window to the heart, allowing us to see the valves and internal structure of the heart in motion. Measurements will be taken and compared to normal values to help determine the degree of abnormality present, if any. These values aid in determination of a treatment protocol customized for your pet's condition.Heartworm Screening
Heartworms are transmitted from infected pets to healthy pets by mosquitoes. When a mosquito bites your pet, heartworm larva from the mosquito's saliva uses the puncture wound to enter the skin. After several months of development, the larvae arrive at the lungs where they mature to the adult heartworms. The adults reside in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. Here, they reproduce, creating larval heartworms (microfilaria). Microfilaria circulates in your pet's blood waiting for transport to another pet by the mosquito. It is the reaction of the pet's body to the presence of the worms and their waste materials that causes the disease.– – – – –
Screening Tests:
- Microfilaria Test: A microfilaria test evaluates for the presence of baby heartworms.
- Occult Heartworm Test: The occult heartworm test evaluates for the presence of adult heartworms.
read more...
Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. The presence of these microfilaria not only indicates that your pet is infected with adult worms, but that it would be very dangerous to give heartworm prevention to your pet.
Procedure:
To perform the microfilaria test, a single drop of blood is examined under the microscope to look for the presence of microfilaria. This test is the minimal requirement for the administration of heartworm preventative. This test is done in-house, with results usually available within the hour. If this test is negative, you may start prevention; however, a negative test does not guarantee that your pet does not have adult heartworms. Approximately one third of heartworm positive dogs will not have circulating microfilaria when tested.
Procedure:
To perform the microfilaria test, a single drop of blood is examined under the microscope to look for the presence of microfilaria. This test is the minimal requirement for the administration of heartworm preventative. This test is done in-house, with results usually available within the hour. If this test is negative, you may start prevention; however, a negative test does not guarantee that your pet does not have adult heartworms. Approximately one third of heartworm positive dogs will not have circulating microfilaria when tested.
read more...
An occult heartworm test uses a sample of blood to evaluate for the presence of waste products from heartworms. If this test result is positive, this confirms that your pet has heartworms. Further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet. If the test is negative, then your pet does not have heartworms and can be safely started or continued on heartworm preventative.
Microfilaria Test Results
Negative
Your pet's blood sample has been examined and your pet is NEGATIVE for baby heartworms at this time. Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. You can start heartworm prevention today, however, a negative test does NOT guarantee that your pet does not have adult heartworms.
Positive
Your pet's blood sample has been examined and your pet is POSITIVE for baby heartworms at this time. Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. Do not start heartworm prevention.
Recommendations: An occult heartworm test is recommended to confirm the presence of adult heartworms in your pet. If this test returns positive as expected, then further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Recommendations: An occult heartworm test is recommended to confirm the presence of adult heartworms in your pet. If this test returns positive as expected, then further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Occult Heartworm Test Results
Negative
Your pet tested NEGATIVE on the occult heartworm test. A negative occult heartworm test is confirmation that your pet does NOT have heartworm disease. If your pet is not on monthly heartworm preventative then it should be started now. If already using prevention, then continue without interruption. If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Positive
Your pet tested POSITIVE on the occult heartworm test. A positive occult heartworm test is confirmation that your pet DOES have heartworm disease. Further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Heartworm Antibody
It has recently been determined that cats are also at a greater risk for heartworm infection similar to dogs, however, cats respond very differently to heartworms than dogs. Some of the clinical signs in cats are vomiting, coughing, asthma and sudden death. Any of these signs, as well as overt signs of heart disease, indicate a need for testing. Cats with heartworm infection usually have only a few heartworms. The tests used to detect heartworms in dogs are not sensitive enough to determine infections with low worm numbers and they only test for the presence of female heartworms. Infections with only male heartworms in cats would be missed with the tests used for dogs. Antibody testing of this infection is valuable with cats, because it allows for the detection of both male and female worms, as well as very low worm burdens, therefore, increasing the test sensitivity.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
This test indicates that your cat has NOT been exposed to feline heartworms.
Positive
This test indicates that your cat has had internal growth and migration of the canine heartworm. This infection in a cat represents an abberant host and "normal" heartworm disease may not be present. In some cases, heartworms in cats migrate in tissues with no harm and, in other cases they infect the heart and major arteries which feed the lungs, causing significant and often fatal disease. Additional testing will be recommended, to determine the type of infection your cat may have.
Thyroid Testing
Thyroid testing is performed because the thyroid is an important gland responsible for the level of metabolic activity of the body. Hyperthyroidism is common in older pets (in particular cats) and is the cause of high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart disease. Occasionally, low-circulating blood thyroid hormone can be associated with slow heart rates and first-degree heart block.The thyroid gland regulates the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal tissue formation. The skin is the most rapidly dividing tissue and, therefore, many skin diseases may be caused or worsened by abnormal thyroid function.
Low thyroid hormone is the most common hormonal cause of skin and ear disease in dogs. Thyroid involvement should be suspected in any pet with both skin and ear disease, as well as any ear disease that involves excessive wax production.
The Thyroid (T4) Test is a test that evaluates thyroid function. Hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4); T4 being the primary hormone produced in response to stimulation by the pituitary gland.
1 - 4 µg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
Normal (T4) Thyroid Hormone
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Increased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
Heartworm Microfilaria Test
Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. The presence of these microfilaria not only indicates that your pet is infected with adult worms, but that it would be very dangerous to give heartworm prevention to your pet.– – – – –
Procedure:
To perform the microfilaria test, a single drop of blood is examined under the microscope to look for the presence of microfilaria. This test is the minimal requirement for the administration of heartworm preventative. This test is done in-house, with results usually available within the hour. If this test is negative, you may start prevention as soon as today. If the test returns positive, do NOT give your pet heartworm prevention medicine.
– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet's blood sample has been examined and your pet is NEGATIVE for baby heartworms at this time. Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. You can start heartworm prevention today, however, a negative test does NOT guarantee that your pet does not have adult heartworms.
Note: A negative result for this test does not guarantee that your pet does not have heartworms, only that it does not have "baby" heartworms. Approximately one third of heartworm positive dogs will not have circulating microfilaria when tested.
Note: A negative result for this test does not guarantee that your pet does not have heartworms, only that it does not have "baby" heartworms. Approximately one third of heartworm positive dogs will not have circulating microfilaria when tested.
Positive
Your pet's blood sample has been examined and your pet is POSITIVE for baby heartworms at this time. Microfilaria is the first larval stage of heartworms, which are the babies, produced by adult heartworm reproduction in the major vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs. Do not start heartworm prevention.
Recommendations: An occult heartworm test is recommended to confirm the presence of adult heartworms in your pet. If this test returns positive as expected, then further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Recommendations: An occult heartworm test is recommended to confirm the presence of adult heartworms in your pet. If this test returns positive as expected, then further diagnostic testing will allow us to determine the severity of your pet's disease and design a treatment plan for your pet.
Blood Pressure Test
Elevated blood pressure is a very serious complication of heart and kidney disease. Blood pressure measurement is easy with new, high technology. Doppler equipment and can be completed with no discomfort to your pet. Heart disease, kidney disease, anesthesia, position of your pet, fluid administration and fluid losses can all affect your pet's blood pressure. Blood pressure monitors can also be used to monitor your pet's blood pressure while your pet is under anesthesia.Feline Heartworm Antigen
The Feline Heartworm Antigen test is a blood test that will detect infections with adult, female worms only. A negative antigen test result, in the presence of suggestive clinical signs and a positive antibody test result, does not preclude heartworm infection and feline dirofilariasis (heartworm disease), should still be suspected.ECG
The ECG, or Electrocardiogram, is a noninvasive, safe procedure to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It can help determine the reason for irregular heartbeats and abnormal heart sounds and determine heart dysfunction in pets that have no external signs of heart disease.Glaucoma Test
A Glaucoma Screening will help us determine if the eye contains excessive pressure, which is generated by fluid production within the eye. As the fluid is produced, it is drained from the eye through the filtration angle. Anything that reduces the drainage of the fluid will cause an increase in the pressure within the eye, which can lead to blindness due to the negative effect on the retinal and optic nerve. Increased intraocular pressure is called glaucoma, which is a common hereditary disease in many pets and routine screening is recommended.Ocular Ultrasound
Ocular ultrasound is a painless imaging technique used to evaluate structures within, around and behind your pet's eye. Retinal detachment, intraocular tumors, masses behind the eye and inflammation of the posterior portion of the eye or optic nerve can be diagnosed with ultrasound.Schirmer Tear Test
A Schirmer Tear Test measures the production of tears and is used in the diagnosis of various eye diseases and conditions, inlcuding keratoconjunctivits sicca (KCS). The outer, clear part of the eye is called the cornea. It is clear so that our pets can perceive light through it. It sacrifices a blood supply for this clarity, thus, it lives entirely on tears. If tear production diminishes, the cornea suffers. A Schirmer Tear Test determines if the tear production is adequate to keep the cornea healthy. It is done by placing a strip of special filter paper inside the eyelid, which collects the tears for measurement.Gastrointestinal Medications
Strategic Deworming (Cat)
We recommend strategic deworming for your cat for Roundworms and Hookworms, which are the common intestinal roundworms of dogs and cats. They can cause larva migrans syndromes in persons who accidentally ingest eggs or larvae. Control in older dogs and cats can be achieved by periodic treatments with drugs and medications which kill intestinal worms, or by treatments based on the results of periodic diagnostic stool examinations.– – – – –
Recommendations:
Twice Yearly -Fecal Examinations (stool examinations)
Once Yearly -Worming
Strategic Deworming (Kitten)
We recommend strategic deworming for your kitten for Roundworms and Hookworms, which are the common intestinal roundworms of dogs and cats. They can cause larva migrans syndromes in persons who accidentally ingest eggs or larvae.– – – – –
Recommendations:
Preventive treatment at 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age
Strategic Deworming (Puppy)
We recommend strategic deworming for your puppy for Roundworms and Hookworms, which are the common intestinal parasites of dogs and cats. These parasites can cause disease associated with parasitic larval migrations in persons who accidentally ingest eggs or larvae.– – – – –
Recommendations:
Deworm at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age
For more information on disease associated with roundworms and hookworms in humans and strategic deworming of pets, please visit the Centers for Disease Control Website.
Strategic Deworming (Dog)
We recommend strategic deworming for your pet. Drontal® Plus (with Pyrantel Pamoate and Febantel), removes tapeworms, roundworms, hookworms and whipworms. Drontal® kills tapeworms, but does not cause them to exit the body - they are digested. Flea control is essential in the control of tapeworms.*We will need to repeat this treatment in 2 weeks to be effective.
For more information on disease associated with roundworms and hookworms in humans and strategic deworming of pets please visit the Centers for Disease Control Website.
Deworming
Puppy Worming
Puppies should be wormed every 2 weeks until 12 weeks of age, then monthly until 6 months of age.
Kitten Worming
Kittens should be wormed every 2 weeks until 12 weeks of age, then monthly until 6 months of age.
Adult Strategic Worming
Strategic Worming is recommended by the CDC four times a year. We recommend deworming four times a year, unless your pet is on Sentinel, Interceptor or Heartgard.
Safari Puppy Deworming and Conditioning
In addition to routine deworming for round and hookworms with pyrantel (strongid T), Safari puppies are treated with metronidazole (flagyl) to prevent giardia; and sulfadimethoxine (albon) to prevent coccidia and ivermectin, which also prevents ear mites.
Coagulation Tests
ACT
Activated Clotting Time (ACT), is a test that can be done to determine if there is a blood clotting problem. It is also a useful screening test for suspected snake bite envenomation. Most snake bite toxins block the clotting of blood, so an elevation of the blood clotting time can be an early indication that envenomation has occurred.– – – – –
Results:
Normal
Your pet's activated clotting time is normal at present.
Prolonged
Your pet's activated clotting time is longer than normal. This indicates a blood clotting disorder which may be due to a snake bite or a clotting disorder called DIC.
Clotting Profile
The clotting profile determines the ability of the blood to clot, as well as the speed at which it clots. Clotting is a natural defense mechanism against injury. Blood that clots abnormally can be a result of toxicity, immune related disorders and other disease that result in problems with abnormal bleeding.PT/PTT
The PT (Prothrombin Time) test and the PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) test are blood tests that are run in conjunction and are used to measure the time it takes for plasma to clot. These tests are also used to evaluate certain coagulation proteins that are essential for clotting, to detect deficiencies in the intrinsic, extrinsic and common coagulation pathways and (if present) to determine the cause of the bleeding disorder.Normal PT/PTT is 20-22 seconds.
Increased PT/PTT is an indication of a potential bleeding disorder. Increased PT/PTT can result from a Vitamin K deficiency, typically caused by the consumption of certain rat poisons. Medication intended to prevent and/or dissolve blot clots and chronic liver disease can also prolong clotting time.
Von Willebrand's Test
Von Willebrand's Disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder in dogs. Von Willebrand's Disease affects the way dogs' platelets work. All dogs are susceptible, but certain breeds are more prone to Von Willebrand's Disease, including: Doberman Pinschers, Welsh Corgis, German Shepherds and Scottish Terriers. Scotties develop a more severe form of the disease than do other breeds.Symptoms: Common signs in young pets include excessive bleeding when teething, spontaneous nosebleeds or blood in the stool.
Recommendations: We are concerned with any untested pet undergoing a surgical procedure and recommend routine testing to insure post operative bleeding is not a problem.
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
PIVKA
This test looks for Proteins Induced by Viamin K Antagonism. Many forms of rat poison are vitamin K antagonists and cause bleeding disorders.Strategic Deworming (Cat)
We recommend strategic deworming for your cat for Roundworms and Hookworms, which are the common intestinal roundworms of dogs and cats. They can cause larva migrans syndromes in persons who accidentally ingest eggs or larvae. Control in older dogs and cats can be achieved by periodic treatments with drugs and medications which kill intestinal worms, or by treatments based on the results of periodic diagnostic stool examinations.– – – – –
Recommendations:
Twice Yearly -Fecal Examinations (stool examinations)
Once Yearly -Worming
Strategic Deworming (Kitten)
We recommend strategic deworming for your kitten for Roundworms and Hookworms, which are the common intestinal roundworms of dogs and cats. They can cause larva migrans syndromes in persons who accidentally ingest eggs or larvae.– – – – –
Recommendations:
Preventive treatment at 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age
Strategic Deworming (Puppy)
We recommend strategic deworming for your puppy for Roundworms and Hookworms, which are the common intestinal parasites of dogs and cats. These parasites can cause disease associated with parasitic larval migrations in persons who accidentally ingest eggs or larvae.– – – – –
Recommendations:
Deworm at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age
For more information on disease associated with roundworms and hookworms in humans and strategic deworming of pets, please visit the Centers for Disease Control Website.
Strategic Deworming (Dog)
We recommend strategic deworming for your pet. Drontal® Plus (with Pyrantel Pamoate and Febantel), removes tapeworms, roundworms, hookworms and whipworms. Drontal® kills tapeworms, but does not cause them to exit the body - they are digested. Flea control is essential in the control of tapeworms.*We will need to repeat this treatment in 2 weeks to be effective.
For more information on disease associated with roundworms and hookworms in humans and strategic deworming of pets please visit the Centers for Disease Control Website.
Deworming
Puppy Worming
Puppies should be wormed every 2 weeks until 12 weeks of age, then monthly until 6 months of age.
Kitten Worming
Kittens should be wormed every 2 weeks until 12 weeks of age, then monthly until 6 months of age.
Adult Strategic Worming
Strategic Worming is recommended by the CDC four times a year. We recommend deworming four times a year, unless your pet is on Sentinel, Interceptor or Heartgard.
Safari Puppy Deworming and Conditioning
In addition to routine deworming for round and hookworms with pyrantel (strongid T), Safari puppies are treated with metronidazole (flagyl) to prevent giardia; and sulfadimethoxine (albon) to prevent coccidia and ivermectin, which also prevents ear mites.
ACT
Activated Clotting Time (ACT), is a test that can be done to determine if there is a blood clotting problem. It is also a useful screening test for suspected snake bite envenomation. Most snake bite toxins block the clotting of blood, so an elevation of the blood clotting time can be an early indication that envenomation has occurred.– – – – –
Results:
Normal
Your pet's activated clotting time is normal at present.
Prolonged
Your pet's activated clotting time is longer than normal. This indicates a blood clotting disorder which may be due to a snake bite or a clotting disorder called DIC.
Clotting Profile
The clotting profile determines the ability of the blood to clot, as well as the speed at which it clots. Clotting is a natural defense mechanism against injury. Blood that clots abnormally can be a result of toxicity, immune related disorders and other disease that result in problems with abnormal bleeding.PT/PTT
The PT (Prothrombin Time) test and the PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) test are blood tests that are run in conjunction and are used to measure the time it takes for plasma to clot. These tests are also used to evaluate certain coagulation proteins that are essential for clotting, to detect deficiencies in the intrinsic, extrinsic and common coagulation pathways and (if present) to determine the cause of the bleeding disorder.Normal PT/PTT is 20-22 seconds.
Increased PT/PTT is an indication of a potential bleeding disorder. Increased PT/PTT can result from a Vitamin K deficiency, typically caused by the consumption of certain rat poisons. Medication intended to prevent and/or dissolve blot clots and chronic liver disease can also prolong clotting time.
Von Willebrand's Test
Von Willebrand's Disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder in dogs. Von Willebrand's Disease affects the way dogs' platelets work. All dogs are susceptible, but certain breeds are more prone to Von Willebrand's Disease, including: Doberman Pinschers, Welsh Corgis, German Shepherds and Scottish Terriers. Scotties develop a more severe form of the disease than do other breeds.Symptoms: Common signs in young pets include excessive bleeding when teething, spontaneous nosebleeds or blood in the stool.
Recommendations: We are concerned with any untested pet undergoing a surgical procedure and recommend routine testing to insure post operative bleeding is not a problem.
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
PIVKA
This test looks for Proteins Induced by Viamin K Antagonism. Many forms of rat poison are vitamin K antagonists and cause bleeding disorders.Genitourinary Tests
Urinalysis
The biochemical properties of the urine are tested by a urinalysis, and can help to determine the cause of a urinary tract disorder. The presence of blood or white blood cells in the urine indicates inflammation, while a change in the acid content of the urine may indicate infection. Microscopic evidence of crystals may indicate that bladder or kidney stones are present and microscopic evidence of casts (from the kidney) can be an early warning of kidney disease. The concentration of the urine can reflect kidney function and the presence of dehydration. The presence of glucose is suggestive of diabetes. Other biochemical tests can be completed and if infection is suspected, a culture of the urine will be recommended.Depending on your pet's results, we may recommend a repeat urinalysis in 10 days, a follow-up in 6 months or an annual urinalysis.
Modified Water Deprivation Test
This is a test to determine your pet's ability to concentrate urine. Kidney disease, excessive water consumption or diabetes insipidus can cause urine concentration to be lower than normal. The water deprivation test is used to determine the cause of excessive urine production, excessive thirst and dilute urine. Possible causes of these signs include lack of production of Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland in the brain, reduced responsiveness of the kidney to normal ADH production or possibly excessive water drinking caused by psychogenic or other causes. We will gradually reduce the amount of water that your pet has access to, eventually reducing the water intake to zero. When the water intake is reduced, the urine concentration should increase as your pet becomes mildly dehydrated. If your pet cannot concentrate urine, then there is a problem in the hormonal control of body water loss.– – – – –
Possible Results:
Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI)
Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI), occurs when the pituitary is not producing any Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). Pets who have CDI cannot conserve water to produce concentrated urine even when water is withheld. Over the course of the test the urine concentration does not rise above that of plasma. After the test a dose of vasopressin (ADH) is given and urine concentration increases dramatically. This form of Diabetes Insipidus will require lifetime supplementation with injectable or nasal DDAVP (exogenous ADH).
Partial Central Diabetes Insipidus
Partial Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI), occurs in some pets that can, upon water deprivation, conserve water and produce mildly concentrated urine. The degree of concentration is not optimal, indicating partial production of ADH by the pituitary gland. These pets respond to a test dose of vasopressin (ADH), with increases in urine concentration. Pets with Partial CDI may respond to oral medication that enhances the effects of ADH on the kidneys and not need ADH supplementation by injection or nasal spray.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI)
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI), occurs when the production of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is normal, but the kidney does not respond to the presence of the hormone. The results of water deprivation test are the same as CDI with no increase in water conservation or urine concentration by the kidneys when water is withheld. A test dose of vasopressin (exogenous ADH), is given and the kidney does not respond. Urine concentration is still low.
Cushing's Disease
Cushing's disease causes signs of increased urination, increased water drinking and low urine concentration. Pets with Cushing's disease respond to water deprivation by concentrating their urine above the concentration of plasma, but not usually to maximally concentration. Pets with Cushing's disease will also respond to the vasopressin (exogenous ADH), by increasing the concentration of urine even more. These pets can be confused with pets who have partial CDI and pets who have psychogenic water drinking disorders. Any older pet with these results should have an ACTH stimulation test performed.
Psychogenic Water Drinking
Psychogenic Water Drinking occurs when a pet consumes more water than is necessary for metabolic activity. This water is removed by the kidneys causing signs similar to diabetes insipidus. The cause for the excessive water drinking is unknown and may be due to a psychological disorder. When these pets are deprived of water, they are able to concentrate urine significantly above that of plasma, to within the normal range of concentration. Therapy for these pets is water restriction and behavior modification.
Radiographic Analysis (Fetus)
Radiographs are helpful in confirming if a pet is pregnant. The radiographs allow us to see bones, such as the ribs, pelvis and limbs of the fetus. In some cases, we can determine the number of fetuses present.Stone Analysis
It is very important for each stone that is removed from the urinary tract be analyzed as to its chemical composition. This analysis will tell us how to treat or prevent the re-occurrence of these stones in the future. Also, we will know if surgery or medical therapy is the answer for your pet.Ultrasound (Cystitis)
Ultrasound analysis of the bladder can reveal the presence of bladder inflammation, tumors, blood clots or stones. Periodic ultrasound examination allows the doctor to monitor the size and shape of bladder stones and masses to help access the effectiveness of medical treatments and to determine if surgical intervention is needed.Diagnostic Urinary Catheterization
Passing a catheter into the urethra and then into the bladder can allow us to determine if a urethral obstruction is present, collect samples for cytology and help maintain urine flow. This may require light sedation.Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio
The Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UPC) test helps to measure proper kidney function by measuring the degree of protein abnormally passed in the urine (proteinuria), as compared to the correct amount of creatinine present in the blood. Proper kidney function prevents protein loss, while filtering creatinine from the blood and allowing it to pass out of the body in the urine. This test helps to determine the severity of disease to the kidneys from a functional aspect.
<0.5-1
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased UPC
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
Normal UPC
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Increased UPC
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
Vaginal Cytology
A microscopic examination of vaginal cells can help determine a number of things, including an indication of the stage of the reproductive cycle and determination of whether your pet is in heat. An examination of the discharge can indicate if a disease process is infectious or inflammatory.Vaginoscopy - Endoscopy
This can be used to determine the source of the discharges and collect samples for culture along with examining the cervix.Urine Culture
Bacterial infections of the urinary tract are very common. A culture and sensitivity test is recommended because many drugs do not concentrate well in the urine and resistant bacteria can easily develop in the urinary tract and kidney. This test will allow the laboratory to grow the bacteria that is present, then test it against various antibiotics to determine which is the most effective at killing the particular strain involved in your pet's infection.Diagnostic Ultrasound (Lower Urinary)
We recommend a Diagnostic Ultrasound of the lower urinary tract for your pet. An ultrasound analysis of the bladder can reveal indications of a bladder infection, tumors, blood clots or stones. The kidneys can be similarly examined, as well as the rest of the pelvic and abdominal cavities. In male dogs, examination of the prostate gland is invaluable in determining if it is inflamed, enlarged or has cystic structures. The ultrasound can be used to accurately guide a biopsy needle for collection of samples.Diagnostic Ultrasound (Uterus Fetus)
An ultrasound of the reproductive tract can help determine the number of fetuses and fetal viability and the presence of pyometra. It can also help to predict if surgical intervention is necessary in cases of potential problem pregnancies.ERD Test
The ERD (Early Renal Disease), screening test detects microalbuminuria (very small amounts of albumin proteins), in the urine of dogs and cats, which is an early indicator for kidney disease. This new test is the most accurate way to determine if your pet's kidneys are normal. Other tests traditionally used, do not indicate any dysfunction of the kidneys until 75% of the kidneys are damaged. This test is done in-house with results usually available within the hour.*We recommend that this test is performed yearly on your pet.
– – – – –
Results:
Normal
There is no sign of protein leakage from your pet's kidneys.
Mild Increase
Pets with a mild increase of albumin leakage from the kidneys should be evaluated for diseases that can predispose the pet to kidney damage. These diseases are heartworms, dental disease, skin disease, chronic intestinal disease or other chronic inflammatory conditions. We should evaluate your pet for these diseases. This test should be repeated in two months to see if the condition has resolved or is worsening.
Moderate Increase
Pets with a moderate increase of albumin leakage from the kidneys should be evaluated for disease that can predispose the pet to kidney damage. These diseases are heartworms, dental disease, skin disease, chronic intestinal disease or other chronic inflammatory conditions. This test should be repeated in two months to see if the condition has resolved or is worsening. If these tests indicate a progression, additional tests such as an ultrasound may be considered.
Severe Increase
Pets with a severe increase of albumin leakage from the kidneys should be evaluated for diseases that can cause kidney damage. These diseases are heartworms, dental disease, skin disease, chronic intestinal disease or other chronic inflammatory conditions. We should evaluate your pet for these diseases.
Cytology
Cytology is the study of cells. This test can be performed in our hospital or may be sent to an outside lab. Cytology can help determine the underlying cause of a lesion and is an invaluable aid in the diagnosis of your pet.SQ Fluid Adminstration Technique
Fluids can be given in any area of the back, but the easiest and least sensitive area is justover the shoulder blades.
– – – – –
Procedure:
Insert Needle Under Skin
The skin is tented and the needle inserted
along the long axis of the fold. Watch the site at which the fluids are entering the skin fold to make sure the hair isn't getting wet, suggesting the needle is incorrectly placed.
along the long axis of the fold. Watch the site at which the fluids are entering the skin fold to make sure the hair isn't getting wet, suggesting the needle is incorrectly placed.
Improper Needle Placement
If you place the needle in the opposite direction - across the skin fold - it is more likely that the needle will go through one fold of skin and out the other fold of skin. The needle in this picture
is yellow and is attached to a flexible piece of tubing.
is yellow and is attached to a flexible piece of tubing.
Fluid Rate Adjustment
The fluids can be dripped into the SQ space as fast as the drip will go. The higher you hang the bag
above the level of the pet, the faster the fluids will flow.
above the level of the pet, the faster the fluids will flow.
Administration
Open the drip clamps
to allow the fluid to flow. You may also squeeze the bag or roll it like a toothpaste tube to increase the rate of fluid flow.
to allow the fluid to flow. You may also squeeze the bag or roll it like a toothpaste tube to increase the rate of fluid flow.
Complications
Any medical procedure can have complications, and it is best to be prepared. Watch the injection area for any infection that may develop. This abscess will be a hard, painful lump that may be warm to the touch. There is a possibility that your pet may be too dehydrated for the fluids to be absorbed. In this case, the fluids will acumulate on your pet's abdomen. This will feel like a sac of loose skin or tissue on the underside of your pet's chest or abdomen. Administration of too many fluids in the face of poor heart function or poor kidney function can cause edema (excess fluid), to form in the lungs or in other body tissues. Watch for difficult breathing or swelling of the feet.
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin (EPO), has been used to treat dogs and cats for anemia, associated with chronic renal failure. In pets with severe kidney damage, the kidneys are no longer able to produce erythropoietin. Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to make new red blood cells. Without erythropoietin, pets with kidney disease gradually become anemic. Without intervention, this anemia can progress to a fatal point. EPO can be given as an injection to replace your pet's own EPO and stimulate new red blood cell production.This medicine usually has to be given for the rest of the pet's life, however the frequency of the dose depends on the stage of treatment and the speed and level of your pet's individual response to the medication.
Adverse Reactions
In dogs and cats, the most troublesome aspect of EPO therapy is the development of autoantibodies with resultant resistance to further treatment. Perhaps up to 30% of all patients will develop antibodies significant enough to cause profound anemia, arrestment of erythropoiesis and transfusion dependency. Should a patient develop refractory anemia while receiving adequate EPO doses and have normal iron metabolism, a bone marrow aspirate should be considered. A myeloid:erythroid ratio of greater than 6 predicts significant autoantibody formation and contraindicates further EPO therapy. Some clinicians believe that the drug (EPO) should be withdrawn if PCV starts to drop while on therapy.
Other effects reported include systemic hypertension, seizures and iron depletion. Local reactions at injection sites (which may be a predictor of antibody formation), fever, arthralgia and mucocutaneous ulcers are also possible. Other effects that have been noted, that may be a result of the animal's disease (or compounded by such), include cardiac disease (may be related to hypertension associated with chronic renal failure). In humans, hyperkalemia, seizures and iron deficiency have been reported.
Other effects reported include systemic hypertension, seizures and iron depletion. Local reactions at injection sites (which may be a predictor of antibody formation), fever, arthralgia and mucocutaneous ulcers are also possible. Other effects that have been noted, that may be a result of the animal's disease (or compounded by such), include cardiac disease (may be related to hypertension associated with chronic renal failure). In humans, hyperkalemia, seizures and iron deficiency have been reported.
Serology
Heartworm Test
Heartworm tests are recommended every six (6) months to ensure that your pet is free of heartworms prior to the administration of prevention.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet is negative for heartworms at this time. Therefore, adult heartworms are NOT present in your pet's heart.
Positive
Your pet's heartworm test is positive, so adult heartworms ARE present in your pet's heart. We recommend an evaluation of the severity of the infection prior to therapy. Please contact one of our Healthcare Team Members to discuss therapy options.
Ehrlichia Titer
The main carrier of the Ehrlichia (Ehrlichia canis or E. canis) organism is the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). E. canis is known to cause severe infection and illness in dogs. This disease, Ehrlichiosis (also known as canine rickettsiosis), is reported to be more severe in German Shepherds and Doberman Pinschers.Negative: <64
Borderline Positive: =64 a retest in 2 weeks is highly recommended.
Positive: > or =128 confirms positive for antibody to E. canis (prior infection).
Symptoms:
E. canis can go undetected for an extended period of time with little to no symptoms and chronic symptoms can come on quickly.
The more chronic phase can cause anemia, bleeding disorders, eye inflammation, fever, neurological signs, weight loss and fluid retention (edema) in the hind legs. Undiagnosed and untreated can quite possibly lead to death.
Thyroid Test
Thyroid testing is performed because the thyroid is an important gland responsible for the level of metabolic activity of the body. Hyperthyroidism is common in older pets (in particular cats) and is the cause of high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart disease. Occasionally, low-circulating blood thyroid hormone can be associated with slow heart rates and first-degree heart block.The thyroid gland regulates the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal tissue formation. The skin is the most rapidly dividing tissue and, therefore, many skin diseases may be caused or worsened by abnormal thyroid function.
Low thyroid hormone is the most common hormonal cause of skin and ear disease in dogs. Thyroid involvement should be suspected in any pet with both skin and ear disease, as well as any ear disease that involves excessive wax production.
The Thyroid (T4) Test is a test that evaluates thyroid function. Hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4); T4 being the primary hormone produced in response to stimulation by the pituitary gland.
1 - 4 µg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
Normal (T4) Thyroid Hormone
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Increased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF), Synonyms: American Typhus Petechial Fever, Macular Fever, Tick Borne Typhus, New World Spotted Fever, Choix Fever and Pinta Fever (Mexico).– – – – –
Explained:
Etiological Agent
Rickettsia rickettsii is the causative agent of a relatively severe tick borne rickettsiosis, which is characterized by hyperthermia, cephalagia (headache), bone and muscle pain and a rash (humans), which first appears on the wrists and ankles and subsequently becomes generalized and may become hemorrhagic.
Reservoir Hosts
Dog, opossum, rabbits, many wild rodents and ticks by transovarial transmission (Dermacentor Andersoni, Dermacentor Variabilis, Amblyomma Cajennense, Rhipicephalus Sanguineus, Dermacentor Parumapterus and Haemaphysalis Leporispalustris).
Portal of Entry: Percutaneous, tick bite.Incubation Period: 2-14 days.
Portal of Escape
Tick bite. Transmission/Dissemination: Propagative in tick with subsequent transstadial and transovarial passage. Dermacentor Albipictus, Dermacentor Occidentalis, Dermacentor Parumapterus, Dermacentor Variabilis, Amblyomma Americanum, Amblyomma Braziliense, Amblyomma Cajennense, Amblyomma Striatum, Rhipicephalus Sanguineus, Haemaphysalis Leporispalustris, Ixodes Brunneus, Ixodes Cookei, Ixodes Dentatus, Ixodes Pacificus, Ixodes Scapularis, Ixodes Texanus, Ornithodoros Lagophilus, Ornithodoros Nicollei, Ornithodoros Rostratus and Ornithodoros Rudis.
Dog Symptoms
Abdominal pain, abdomianl tenderness, anorexia, anterior uveitis, arthralgia, ataxia, cardiovascular collapse, cardiovascular complications, coma, confusion, conjunctivitis, convulsions, death, dehydration, depression, diarrhea, edema of lips, edema of pinnae, edema of scrotum, edema of sheath, elevated ESR, emesis, epistaxis, fever, hematuria, hemorrhagic diathesis, hyperesthesia, hypoalbuminemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia, hyperemia of lips, hyperemia of pinnae, hyperemia of scrotum, hyperemia of sheath, increased ALT (SGPT), increased AST (SGOT), lethargy, leucocytosis, lymphadenopathy, male reluctant to walk, melena, metabolic acidosis, mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, myalgia, necrosis of extremities, neurological complications, normocytic-normochromic anemia, nonproductive cough, nystagmus, oliguria, oral petechiae, paraparesis, petechiae of the genital membranes, petechiae of the ocular membranes, petechiae of the oral membranes, renal complications, retinal hemorrhage, scleral injections, shock, splenomegaly, stupor, thrombocytopenia, ticks on dogs vestibular disease and weight loss.
Mortality: Human mortality can be as high as 20% without treatment.
Mortality: Human mortality can be as high as 20% without treatment.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) remains an important illness despite an effective therapy, because it is difficult to diagnose and is capable of producing a fatal outcome. The pathogenesis of RMSF remains, in large part, an enigma. However, recent research has helped shed light on this mystery. Importantly, the diagnosis of RMSF must be considered in all febrile patients who have known or possible exposure to ticks, especially if they live in or have traveled to endemic regions during warmer months. Decisions about giving empiric therapy to such patients are difficult and require skill and careful judgement.
Distemper Test
Canine distemper has no cure; therefore, it is very important to vaccinate against this very serious and contagious virus. Unvaccinated young puppies and non-immunized older dogs are more vulnerable to contracting this disease. Canine distemper is transmitted through the air and by direct contact with infected items; such as bowls, toys or bedding.The disease first attacks the dog’s tonsils and lymph nodes, then the respiratory and nervous system. During this time, the dog will likely endure high fever >103.5°F, a watery discharge from their nose and eyes, as well as reddening of the eyes. Fatigue, anorexia, coughing, vomiting and diarrhea are also common symptoms of canine distemper. The disease will eventually attack the dog’s nervous system, affecting the brain and spinal cord with worsening symptoms; such as seizures, uncontrollable fits and may even become paralyzed. Dogs who are unable to fight off the disease, due to a weak immune system, will most likely die within 5 weeks of becoming infected.
Aside from dogs, distemper also affects ferrets, raccoons, wolves, foxes and skunks.
– – – – –
Results/Recommendations:
Negative
A Negative Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) result indicates that viral RNA was NOT detected in the sample and suggests that Canine distemper virus is most likely not the cause of clinical signs in this patient.
Positive
A Positive Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) result indicates that viral RNA WAS present in the sample. In animals with clinical signs, this supports a diganosis of distemper infection. Dogs with a mild form of illness can show respiratory signs that can be indistinguishable from other causes of "kennel cough". Dogs which become systemically ill can have respiratory, gastrointestinal and/or neurological signs.
Vaccination with a modified live vaccine may result in positive results for up to a few weeks, post-vaccination.
Vaccination with a modified live vaccine may result in positive results for up to a few weeks, post-vaccination.
Distemper Titre/3-yr. Vaccine
We recommend a Distemper Titer test for your pet. Recently some universities have been recommending a three-year vaccination interval for Distemper and there is evidence that the immunization may be good for this period.
A vaccine titer is a blood test that measures the antibody level a dog is carrying against a certain virus. This test will ensure that the immunization may be good for three years. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
*We recommend vaccinating after three (3) years.
There are two methods of measuring antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood) must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective:
Hemagglutination Inhibition: > or =1:80
Serum Neutralization: > or =1:20
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
A vaccine titer is a blood test that measures the antibody level a dog is carrying against a certain virus. This test will ensure that the immunization may be good for three years. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
*We recommend vaccinating after three (3) years.
There are two methods of measuring antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood) must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective:
Hemagglutination Inhibition: > or =1:80
Serum Neutralization: > or =1:20
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
Toxicology
Blood Lead Level
This test will assess the amount of lead in your pet's blood. There should not be any lead in your pet's blood. The presence of lead is an indication of toxicity, which can cause neurologic symptoms.PIVKA
We recommend a PIVKA test for your pet, which tests for Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Antagonism.Heartworm Test
Heartworm tests are recommended every six (6) months to ensure that your pet is free of heartworms prior to the administration of prevention.– – – – –
Results:
Negative
Your pet is negative for heartworms at this time. Therefore, adult heartworms are NOT present in your pet's heart.
Positive
Your pet's heartworm test is positive, so adult heartworms ARE present in your pet's heart. We recommend an evaluation of the severity of the infection prior to therapy. Please contact one of our Healthcare Team Members to discuss therapy options.
Ehrlichia Titer
The main carrier of the Ehrlichia (Ehrlichia canis or E. canis) organism is the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). E. canis is known to cause severe infection and illness in dogs. This disease, Ehrlichiosis (also known as canine rickettsiosis), is reported to be more severe in German Shepherds and Doberman Pinschers.Negative: <64
Borderline Positive: =64 a retest in 2 weeks is highly recommended.
Positive: > or =128 confirms positive for antibody to E. canis (prior infection).
Symptoms:
E. canis can go undetected for an extended period of time with little to no symptoms and chronic symptoms can come on quickly.
The more chronic phase can cause anemia, bleeding disorders, eye inflammation, fever, neurological signs, weight loss and fluid retention (edema) in the hind legs. Undiagnosed and untreated can quite possibly lead to death.
Thyroid Test
Thyroid testing is performed because the thyroid is an important gland responsible for the level of metabolic activity of the body. Hyperthyroidism is common in older pets (in particular cats) and is the cause of high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart disease. Occasionally, low-circulating blood thyroid hormone can be associated with slow heart rates and first-degree heart block.The thyroid gland regulates the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal tissue formation. The skin is the most rapidly dividing tissue and, therefore, many skin diseases may be caused or worsened by abnormal thyroid function.
Low thyroid hormone is the most common hormonal cause of skin and ear disease in dogs. Thyroid involvement should be suspected in any pet with both skin and ear disease, as well as any ear disease that involves excessive wax production.
The Thyroid (T4) Test is a test that evaluates thyroid function. Hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4); T4 being the primary hormone produced in response to stimulation by the pituitary gland.
1 - 4 µg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
Normal (T4) Thyroid Hormone
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Increased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF), Synonyms: American Typhus Petechial Fever, Macular Fever, Tick Borne Typhus, New World Spotted Fever, Choix Fever and Pinta Fever (Mexico).– – – – –
Explained:
Etiological Agent
Rickettsia rickettsii is the causative agent of a relatively severe tick borne rickettsiosis, which is characterized by hyperthermia, cephalagia (headache), bone and muscle pain and a rash (humans), which first appears on the wrists and ankles and subsequently becomes generalized and may become hemorrhagic.
Reservoir Hosts
Dog, opossum, rabbits, many wild rodents and ticks by transovarial transmission (Dermacentor Andersoni, Dermacentor Variabilis, Amblyomma Cajennense, Rhipicephalus Sanguineus, Dermacentor Parumapterus and Haemaphysalis Leporispalustris).
Portal of Entry: Percutaneous, tick bite.Incubation Period: 2-14 days.
Portal of Escape
Tick bite. Transmission/Dissemination: Propagative in tick with subsequent transstadial and transovarial passage. Dermacentor Albipictus, Dermacentor Occidentalis, Dermacentor Parumapterus, Dermacentor Variabilis, Amblyomma Americanum, Amblyomma Braziliense, Amblyomma Cajennense, Amblyomma Striatum, Rhipicephalus Sanguineus, Haemaphysalis Leporispalustris, Ixodes Brunneus, Ixodes Cookei, Ixodes Dentatus, Ixodes Pacificus, Ixodes Scapularis, Ixodes Texanus, Ornithodoros Lagophilus, Ornithodoros Nicollei, Ornithodoros Rostratus and Ornithodoros Rudis.
Dog Symptoms
Abdominal pain, abdomianl tenderness, anorexia, anterior uveitis, arthralgia, ataxia, cardiovascular collapse, cardiovascular complications, coma, confusion, conjunctivitis, convulsions, death, dehydration, depression, diarrhea, edema of lips, edema of pinnae, edema of scrotum, edema of sheath, elevated ESR, emesis, epistaxis, fever, hematuria, hemorrhagic diathesis, hyperesthesia, hypoalbuminemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia, hyperemia of lips, hyperemia of pinnae, hyperemia of scrotum, hyperemia of sheath, increased ALT (SGPT), increased AST (SGOT), lethargy, leucocytosis, lymphadenopathy, male reluctant to walk, melena, metabolic acidosis, mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, myalgia, necrosis of extremities, neurological complications, normocytic-normochromic anemia, nonproductive cough, nystagmus, oliguria, oral petechiae, paraparesis, petechiae of the genital membranes, petechiae of the ocular membranes, petechiae of the oral membranes, renal complications, retinal hemorrhage, scleral injections, shock, splenomegaly, stupor, thrombocytopenia, ticks on dogs vestibular disease and weight loss.
Mortality: Human mortality can be as high as 20% without treatment.
Mortality: Human mortality can be as high as 20% without treatment.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) remains an important illness despite an effective therapy, because it is difficult to diagnose and is capable of producing a fatal outcome. The pathogenesis of RMSF remains, in large part, an enigma. However, recent research has helped shed light on this mystery. Importantly, the diagnosis of RMSF must be considered in all febrile patients who have known or possible exposure to ticks, especially if they live in or have traveled to endemic regions during warmer months. Decisions about giving empiric therapy to such patients are difficult and require skill and careful judgement.
Distemper Test
Canine distemper has no cure; therefore, it is very important to vaccinate against this very serious and contagious virus. Unvaccinated young puppies and non-immunized older dogs are more vulnerable to contracting this disease. Canine distemper is transmitted through the air and by direct contact with infected items; such as bowls, toys or bedding.The disease first attacks the dog’s tonsils and lymph nodes, then the respiratory and nervous system. During this time, the dog will likely endure high fever >103.5°F, a watery discharge from their nose and eyes, as well as reddening of the eyes. Fatigue, anorexia, coughing, vomiting and diarrhea are also common symptoms of canine distemper. The disease will eventually attack the dog’s nervous system, affecting the brain and spinal cord with worsening symptoms; such as seizures, uncontrollable fits and may even become paralyzed. Dogs who are unable to fight off the disease, due to a weak immune system, will most likely die within 5 weeks of becoming infected.
Aside from dogs, distemper also affects ferrets, raccoons, wolves, foxes and skunks.
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Results/Recommendations:
Negative
A Negative Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) result indicates that viral RNA was NOT detected in the sample and suggests that Canine distemper virus is most likely not the cause of clinical signs in this patient.
Positive
A Positive Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) result indicates that viral RNA WAS present in the sample. In animals with clinical signs, this supports a diganosis of distemper infection. Dogs with a mild form of illness can show respiratory signs that can be indistinguishable from other causes of "kennel cough". Dogs which become systemically ill can have respiratory, gastrointestinal and/or neurological signs.
Vaccination with a modified live vaccine may result in positive results for up to a few weeks, post-vaccination.
Vaccination with a modified live vaccine may result in positive results for up to a few weeks, post-vaccination.
Distemper Titre/3-yr. Vaccine
We recommend a Distemper Titer test for your pet. Recently some universities have been recommending a three-year vaccination interval for Distemper and there is evidence that the immunization may be good for this period.
A vaccine titer is a blood test that measures the antibody level a dog is carrying against a certain virus. This test will ensure that the immunization may be good for three years. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
*We recommend vaccinating after three (3) years.
There are two methods of measuring antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood) must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective:
Hemagglutination Inhibition: > or =1:80
Serum Neutralization: > or =1:20
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
A vaccine titer is a blood test that measures the antibody level a dog is carrying against a certain virus. This test will ensure that the immunization may be good for three years. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
*We recommend vaccinating after three (3) years.
There are two methods of measuring antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood) must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective:
Hemagglutination Inhibition: > or =1:80
Serum Neutralization: > or =1:20
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
Blood Lead Level
This test will assess the amount of lead in your pet's blood. There should not be any lead in your pet's blood. The presence of lead is an indication of toxicity, which can cause neurologic symptoms.PIVKA
We recommend a PIVKA test for your pet, which tests for Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Antagonism.Evaluation
Anemia
Anemia is a reduction in the amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. Anemia that is not severe may not have any physically apparent signs and may only be noticed in the blood screen of a normal pet. A pet that is very sick from anemia may have the following signs: pale gums or mucous membranes, weakness, tachycardia (fast heart rate), polypnea (fast breathing), hypersensitivity to cold, heart murmur, shock, icterus, hematuria (bloody urine), hemorrhage and/or fever. The most common cause of anemia is one that occurs slowly enough for the pet to adapt to the changes in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, therefore, does not show signs of illness until anemia is severe.The graph shows the Normal Range Value of Red Blood Cells.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
Hyperlipidosis
Hyperlipidosis is a condition where there is excessive fats in the blood. This condition can be caused by poor fat metabolism, or inflammation of the pancreas or diabetes.
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Fats (triglycerides) are absorbed with the help of bile from the liver. They are then broken down into smaller fatty acids and cholesterol by various enzyme systems. Defects in these enzyme systems seems to be common in certain breeds of pets as a genetic flaw, resulting in hyperlipidosis. The effects of this high fat content can be many and varied. The fats can contribute to overstimulation of the pancreas resulting in pancreatitis, which in turn, along with ther changes in energy metabolism, cause diabetes. The physical effects of these fat globules in the blood is well documented by causing poor blood flow through the retina, brain and other organs resulting in blindness, dementia and possible seizures. Therapy is related to lowering the fat content in the diet, using alternative fat sources as substitutes for triglycerides, and using medications that block the absorption of fat from the intestines. In pets with pancreatitis and or diabetes, these diseases are treated or checked for with greater resolve and greater frequency.
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally low values for thyroid hormones, but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4 and total triiodothyronine (T3), may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown, but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease, in and of itself, is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.Recommendations
Doctor's Examination
Pets cannot talk to communicate how they feel, so they are on a faster path toward illness than humans. Many pets mask their illness from us, so only an experienced veterinarian can perform a proper exam to determine their state of wellness.The following are possible recommendations for frequency of examination depending on your pet's age, disease status and lifestyle.
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Recommendations:
1x Year
We recommend a physical examination once a year on all pets with normal laboratoy values. An examination is required for vaccination administration once every year. However, since pets age seven years for every one of humans, having a physical examination every six months for a pet is like a human having an exam every three and one half years.
2x Yearly
We recommend a physical examination twice a year on all pets with normal laboratoy values. An examination is required for vaccination administration once every year. However, since pets age seven years for every one of humans, having a physical examination every six months for a pet is like a human having an exam every three and one half years.
3x Yearly
We recommend a physical examination three times a year on all pets with abnormal laboratory values or chronic disease conditions, if the pet is not showing outward signs of illness. An examination is required for vaccination administration once every year. However, since pets age seven years for every one of humans, having a physical examination every six months for a pet is like a human having an exam every three and one half years.
4x Yearly
We recommend a physical examination four times a year on all pets showing signs of illness secondary to chronic disease. Such as, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes and any other progressive disease. An examination is required for vaccination administration once every year. However, since pets age seven years for every one of humans, having a physical examination every six months for a pet is like a human having an exam every three and one half years.
Kitten Exam
We recommend a kitten examination with each set of immunizations.
Hospitalization 1-3 days
Your pet needs to be hospitalized for 1-3 days. Depending on the response to the initial medical treatment, your pet may require additional nights of hospitalization.IV Fluid Therapy
Fluid therapy aids in maintaining blood pressure during an anesthestic event, as well as administering much needed fluid and electrolytes to pets that are ill and dehydrated.Medical Progress Report
Please recheck in 7 days. This recheck is at no additional charge unless additional treatment is necessary.Diagnostic Exam
Our Doctors perform an examination of your pet to determine the cause of its illness.Routine Blood Screen
A routine blood screen acts as a "Window into the Body" of your pet to help us assess internal organ function that cannot be determined based on physical examination alone. Indications of internal organ function, such as the liver and kidney, as well as the presence of infection or anemia can be determined.ANA
The Antinuclear (ANA), test identifies the presence of antibodies against self-components found in the nucleus of the cell. It is the best test currently available and is positive in 90% of dogs with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.E.R.D. -Health Screen
The ERD (Early Renal Disease), screening test detects microalbuminuria (very small amounts of albumin proteins), in the urine of dogs and cats, which is an early indicator for kidney disease. This new test is the most accurate way to determine if your pet's kidneys are normal. Other tests traditionally used, do not indicate any dysfunction of the kidneys until 75% of the kidneys are damaged. This test is done in-house with results usually available within the hour.*We recommend that this test is performed yearly on your pet.
Abdominal Ultrasound / Biopsy
The ultrasound allows for the evaluation of all the abdominal organs for disease. It is a window into the body that allows for determination of many disease processes that cannot be seen on radiographs (x-rays), physical examinations or blood tests. The ultrasound can also be used to guide needles directly into the diseased or abnormal-appearing tissue for a biopsy.Coomb's
A Coomb's test determines certain antigen-antibody reactions. This test is performed on a blood sample and helps us diagnose certain immune diseases.Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.Thyroid Testing
Thyroid testing is performed because the thyroid is an important gland responsible for the level of metabolic activity of the body. Hyperthyroidism is common in older pets (in particular cats) and is the cause of high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart disease. Occasionally, low-circulating blood thyroid hormone can be associated with slow heart rates and first-degree heart block.The thyroid gland regulates the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal tissue formation. The skin is the most rapidly dividing tissue and, therefore, many skin diseases may be caused or worsened by abnormal thyroid function.
Low thyroid hormone is the most common hormonal cause of skin and ear disease in dogs. Thyroid involvement should be suspected in any pet with both skin and ear disease, as well as any ear disease that involves excessive wax production.
The Thyroid (T4) Test is a test that evaluates thyroid function. Hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4); T4 being the primary hormone produced in response to stimulation by the pituitary gland.
Urine Culture
Bacterial infections of the urinary tract are very common. A culture and sensitivity test is recommended, because many drugs do not concentrate well in the urine and resistant bacteria can easily develop in the urinary tract and kidney. This test will allow the laboratory to grow the bacteria that is present, then test it against various antibiotics to determine which is the most effective at killing the particular strain involved in your pet's infection.Urinalysis
The biochemical properties of the urine are tested by a urinalysis and can help to determine the cause of a urinary tract disorder. The presence of blood or white blood cells in the urine indicates inflammation, while a change in the acid content of the urine may indicate infection. Microscopic evidence of crystals may indicate that bladder or kidney stones are present and microscopic evidence of casts (from the kidney) can be an early warning of kidney disease. The concentration of the urine can reflect kidney function and the presence of dehydration. The presence of glucose is suggestive of diabetes. Other biochemical tests can be completed and if infection is suspected, a culture of the urine will be recommended.Hill's Veterinary Diets -Canine
There are three things that affect the longevity of your pet: the first is genetics, which we have no control over; the second is environment, which only you have control over; and the third is nutrition. We recommend Hill's Prescription Diet® and Hill's Science Diet® foods, because we know they will enhance the quality and quantity of your pet's life.– – – – –
Formulas:
Prescription Diet Canine/Feline a/d
For the Nutritional Management of Pets Recovering From Serious Illness, Accidents and Surgery. Both dogs and cats can undergo significant changes when faced with a serious illness, injury or surgery. They may have trouble maintaining natural defenses and sparing lean body mass (in other words, they may be losing body weight from muscle or organ tissue), which can affect recovery. Prescription Diet Canine/Feline a/d has been specifically formulated by Veterinarians to be fed to dogs or cats with certain debilitating conditions. These conditions can be affected by the lack of key nutrients and digestible energy.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets Recovering From Serious Illness, Accidents and Surgery. Both dogs and cats can undergo significant changes when faced with a serious illness, injury or surgery. They may have trouble maintaining natural defenses and sparing lean body mass (in other words, they may be losing body weight from muscle or organ tissue), which can affect recovery. Prescription Diet Canine/Feline a/d has been specifically formulated by Veterinarians to be fed to dogs or cats with certain debilitating conditions. These conditions can be affected by the lack of key nutrients and digestible energy.
Prescription Diet Canine b/d™
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Behavioral Changes Associated with Brain Aging. An older dog's brain is more vulnerable to free radicals that are naturally produced by the body. The damage free radicals inflict on the brain is often the cause of age-related behavioral changes in older dogs. Prescription Diet® Canine b/d™ is specifically formulated with an exclusive blend of antioxidants and other nutrients to fight the signs of brain aging and age-related behavioral changes and even help improve the learning ability of older dogs.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Behavioral Changes Associated with Brain Aging. An older dog's brain is more vulnerable to free radicals that are naturally produced by the body. The damage free radicals inflict on the brain is often the cause of age-related behavioral changes in older dogs. Prescription Diet® Canine b/d™ is specifically formulated with an exclusive blend of antioxidants and other nutrients to fight the signs of brain aging and age-related behavioral changes and even help improve the learning ability of older dogs.
Prescription Diet d/d Duck/Rice Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
Prescription Diet d/d Egg/Rice Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
Prescription Diet d/d Lamb/Rice Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
Prescription Diet d/d Salmon/Rice Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
Prescription Diet d/d WhiteFish/Rice Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance may result in numerous skin and stomach problems that can cause discomfort and pain in your dog. Also known as adverse reactions to food, this condition is usually an abnormal response to the protein found in pet food. Prescription Diet® d/d® comes with novel, or new protein sources, to help manage adverse reactions to food. Commonly, reactions occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine d/d® foods contain none of these.
Prescription Diet g/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Early Stage Kidney Disorders. Kidney disease, even during the early stage, is associated with reduced kidney function resulting in a variety of symptoms, including pain and nausea in your dog. Many factors can contribute to kidney disorders, including infectious disease, aging changes, toxin exposure or breed/hereditary tendencies. These factors can cause the kidneys to be less efficient at removing waste from the bloodstream and regulating body fluids. Prescription Diet Canine g/d is formulated by Veterinarians for the nutritional management of early stage kidney disease.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Early Stage Kidney Disorders. Kidney disease, even during the early stage, is associated with reduced kidney function resulting in a variety of symptoms, including pain and nausea in your dog. Many factors can contribute to kidney disorders, including infectious disease, aging changes, toxin exposure or breed/hereditary tendencies. These factors can cause the kidneys to be less efficient at removing waste from the bloodstream and regulating body fluids. Prescription Diet Canine g/d is formulated by Veterinarians for the nutritional management of early stage kidney disease.
Prescription Diet g/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Early Stage Kidney Disorders. Kidney disease, even during the early stage, is associated with reduced kidney function resulting in a variety of symptoms, including pain and nausea in your dog. Many factors can contribute to kidney disorders, including infectious disease, aging changes, toxin exposure or breed/hereditary tendencies. These factors can cause the kidneys to be less efficient at removing waste from the bloodstream and regulating body fluids. Prescription Diet Canine g/d is formulated by Veterinarians for the nutritional management of early stage kidney disease.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Early Stage Kidney Disorders. Kidney disease, even during the early stage, is associated with reduced kidney function resulting in a variety of symptoms, including pain and nausea in your dog. Many factors can contribute to kidney disorders, including infectious disease, aging changes, toxin exposure or breed/hereditary tendencies. These factors can cause the kidneys to be less efficient at removing waste from the bloodstream and regulating body fluids. Prescription Diet Canine g/d is formulated by Veterinarians for the nutritional management of early stage kidney disease.
Prescription Diet h/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Heart Disease. Heart disease is a condition frequently found in aging dogs, but it also may have other contributing factors, such as heartworm infection. Typically, heart disease can cause the heart to become enlarged, leading to fluid retention and discomfort for your dog. Fluid retention is in response to a less efficient heart muscle and can be made more problematic with foods that are high in sodium. Prescription Diet Canine h/d is formulated to help manage the symptoms of heart disease and related fluid retention.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Heart Disease. Heart disease is a condition frequently found in aging dogs, but it also may have other contributing factors, such as heartworm infection. Typically, heart disease can cause the heart to become enlarged, leading to fluid retention and discomfort for your dog. Fluid retention is in response to a less efficient heart muscle and can be made more problematic with foods that are high in sodium. Prescription Diet Canine h/d is formulated to help manage the symptoms of heart disease and related fluid retention.
Prescription Diet h/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Heart Disease. Heart disease is a condition frequently found in aging dogs, but it also may have other contributing factors, such as heartworm infection. Typically, heart disease can cause the heart to become enlarged, leading to fluid retention and discomfort for your dog. Fluid retention is in response to a less efficient heart muscle and can be made more problematic with foods that are high in sodium. Prescription Diet Canine h/d is formulated to help manage the symptoms of heart disease and related fluid retention.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Heart Disease. Heart disease is a condition frequently found in aging dogs, but it also may have other contributing factors, such as heartworm infection. Typically, heart disease can cause the heart to become enlarged, leading to fluid retention and discomfort for your dog. Fluid retention is in response to a less efficient heart muscle and can be made more problematic with foods that are high in sodium. Prescription Diet Canine h/d is formulated to help manage the symptoms of heart disease and related fluid retention.
Prescription Diet i/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders affect the stomach and intestines, causing painful symptoms and problems with your dog's overall health. Some of the more common symptoms include: vomiting, regurgitation, flatulence, weakness, diarrhea or constipation. Prescription Diet® Canine i/d® was developed to help manage GI disorders in dogs. There are several types of GI disorders that affect dogs, including colitis, constipation/diarrhea, gastroenteritis and pancreatitis.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders affect the stomach and intestines, causing painful symptoms and problems with your dog's overall health. Some of the more common symptoms include: vomiting, regurgitation, flatulence, weakness, diarrhea or constipation. Prescription Diet® Canine i/d® was developed to help manage GI disorders in dogs. There are several types of GI disorders that affect dogs, including colitis, constipation/diarrhea, gastroenteritis and pancreatitis.
Prescription Diet i/d Dry
We recommend Prescription Diet Feline i/d Dry for the Nutritional Management of Pets with Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders affect both the stomach and intestines, creating painful symptoms that can have an impact on your cat's overall health. The most common symptoms associated with GI disorders are vomiting, regurgitation, flatulence, weakness, diarrhea or constipation. Prescription Diet Feline i/d was created specifically to help manage GI disorders in cats. There are several types of GI disorders that affect cats, including colitis, constipation/diarrhea, gastroenteritis and pancreatitis.
We recommend Prescription Diet Feline i/d Dry for the Nutritional Management of Pets with Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders affect both the stomach and intestines, creating painful symptoms that can have an impact on your cat's overall health. The most common symptoms associated with GI disorders are vomiting, regurgitation, flatulence, weakness, diarrhea or constipation. Prescription Diet Feline i/d was created specifically to help manage GI disorders in cats. There are several types of GI disorders that affect cats, including colitis, constipation/diarrhea, gastroenteritis and pancreatitis.
Prescription Diet Canine j/d™ Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with OsteoArthritis (OA). OA is the most common cause of chronic pain in adult and senior dogs. Research has shown that EicosaPentanoic Acid (EPA), helps reduce the enzymes that cause cartilage damage. The proper ratio of Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammatory mediators. Enhanced levels of glucosamine and chondroitin provide the building blocks of healthy cartilage. Prescription Diet j/d is designed to help manage dogs with OA. It has been clinically proven to improve mobility in dogs with arthritis and to help promote a healthy lifestyle. The nutritional formulation of Prescription Diet® j/d® may also be useful for pets with a variety of conditions.
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with OsteoArthritis (OA). OA is the most common cause of chronic pain in adult and senior dogs. Research has shown that EicosaPentanoic Acid (EPA), helps reduce the enzymes that cause cartilage damage. The proper ratio of Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammatory mediators. Enhanced levels of glucosamine and chondroitin provide the building blocks of healthy cartilage. Prescription Diet j/d is designed to help manage dogs with OA. It has been clinically proven to improve mobility in dogs with arthritis and to help promote a healthy lifestyle. The nutritional formulation of Prescription Diet® j/d® may also be useful for pets with a variety of conditions.
Prescription Diet Canine j/d™ Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with OsteoArthritis (OA). OA is the most common cause of chronic pain in adult and senior dogs. Research has shown that EicosaPentanoic Acid (EPA), helps reduce the enzymes that cause cartilage damage. The proper ratio of Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammatory mediators. Enhanced levels of glucosamine and chondroitin provide the building blocks of healthy cartilage. Prescription Diet j/d is designed to help manage dogs with OA. It has been clinically proven to improve mobility in dogs with arthritis and to help promote a healthy lifestyle. The nutritional formulation of Prescription Diet® j/d® may also be useful for pets with a variety of conditions.
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with OsteoArthritis (OA). OA is the most common cause of chronic pain in adult and senior dogs. Research has shown that EicosaPentanoic Acid (EPA), helps reduce the enzymes that cause cartilage damage. The proper ratio of Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammatory mediators. Enhanced levels of glucosamine and chondroitin provide the building blocks of healthy cartilage. Prescription Diet j/d is designed to help manage dogs with OA. It has been clinically proven to improve mobility in dogs with arthritis and to help promote a healthy lifestyle. The nutritional formulation of Prescription Diet® j/d® may also be useful for pets with a variety of conditions.
Prescription Diet Canine k/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Kidney Disorders. There are many causes for kidney disorders (also called kidney or renal disease), resulting in a variety of uncomfortable and even life threatening symptoms for your dog. Kidney disease can be either sudden (acute) or occur gradually (chronic). Prescription Diet® Canine k/d® has been specially formulated by Veterinarians to help manage kidney disease in dogs. Kidney disease may develop because of other diseases or changes in health, breed/hereditary tendencies and even nutritional factors. Signs of kidney disease don’t usually appear until more than two-thirds of kidney function are lost.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Kidney Disorders. There are many causes for kidney disorders (also called kidney or renal disease), resulting in a variety of uncomfortable and even life threatening symptoms for your dog. Kidney disease can be either sudden (acute) or occur gradually (chronic). Prescription Diet® Canine k/d® has been specially formulated by Veterinarians to help manage kidney disease in dogs. Kidney disease may develop because of other diseases or changes in health, breed/hereditary tendencies and even nutritional factors. Signs of kidney disease don’t usually appear until more than two-thirds of kidney function are lost.
Prescription Diet Canine k/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Kidney Disorders. There are many causes for kidney disorders (also called kidney or renal disease), resulting in a variety of uncomfortable and even life threatening symptoms for your dog. Kidney disease can be either sudden (acute) or occur gradually (chronic). Prescription Diet® Canine k/d® has been specially formulated by Veterinarians to help manage kidney disease in dogs. Kidney disease may develop because of other diseases or changes in health, breed/hereditary tendencies and even nutritional factors. Signs of kidney disease don’t usually appear until more than two-thirds of kidney function are lost.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Kidney Disorders. There are many causes for kidney disorders (also called kidney or renal disease), resulting in a variety of uncomfortable and even life threatening symptoms for your dog. Kidney disease can be either sudden (acute) or occur gradually (chronic). Prescription Diet® Canine k/d® has been specially formulated by Veterinarians to help manage kidney disease in dogs. Kidney disease may develop because of other diseases or changes in health, breed/hereditary tendencies and even nutritional factors. Signs of kidney disease don’t usually appear until more than two-thirds of kidney function are lost.
Prescription Diet l/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Liver Disorders. Your dog's liver is its largest internal organ and is responsible for numerous important functions. Liver disorders can have many causes and are usually very serious, causing a number of symptoms that can be uncomfortable, painful or life threatening. Prescription Diet® l/d® was created by Veterinarians specifically for the nutritional management of liver disorders that cause reduced liver function. Because the liver works to rid the body of toxins, it can be subjected to damage and reduced function from infections and ingested poisons, as well as altered blood flow and breed tendencies.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Liver Disorders. Your dog's liver is its largest internal organ and is responsible for numerous important functions. Liver disorders can have many causes and are usually very serious, causing a number of symptoms that can be uncomfortable, painful or life threatening. Prescription Diet® l/d® was created by Veterinarians specifically for the nutritional management of liver disorders that cause reduced liver function. Because the liver works to rid the body of toxins, it can be subjected to damage and reduced function from infections and ingested poisons, as well as altered blood flow and breed tendencies.
Prescription Diet l/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Liver Disorders. Your dog's liver is its largest internal organ and is responsible for numerous important functions. Liver disorders can have many causes and are usually very serious, causing a number of symptoms that can be uncomfortable, painful or life threatening. Prescription Diet® l/d® was created by Veterinarians specifically for the nutritional management of liver disorders that cause reduced liver function. Because the liver works to rid the body of toxins, it can be subjected to damage and reduced function from infections and ingested poisons, as well as altered blood flow and breed tendencies.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Liver Disorders. Your dog's liver is its largest internal organ and is responsible for numerous important functions. Liver disorders can have many causes and are usually very serious, causing a number of symptoms that can be uncomfortable, painful or life threatening. Prescription Diet® l/d® was created by Veterinarians specifically for the nutritional management of liver disorders that cause reduced liver function. Because the liver works to rid the body of toxins, it can be subjected to damage and reduced function from infections and ingested poisons, as well as altered blood flow and breed tendencies.
Prescription Diet Canine n/d
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Cancer. Cancer is a condition associated with the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells within the body. These cells may form masses or tumors that can create a variety of painful and serious problems that may, in many cases, lead to death. Prescription Diet® Canine n/d® was uniquely formulated by Veterinarians and researchers for the management of cancer in dogs and is the only food clinically proven to increase the life span and improve the quality of life for dogs with cancer.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Cancer. Cancer is a condition associated with the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells within the body. These cells may form masses or tumors that can create a variety of painful and serious problems that may, in many cases, lead to death. Prescription Diet® Canine n/d® was uniquely formulated by Veterinarians and researchers for the management of cancer in dogs and is the only food clinically proven to increase the life span and improve the quality of life for dogs with cancer.
Prescription Diet Canine p/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Developmental Growth Disorders. Developmental growth disorders profoundly affect growth patterns and cause painful skeletal abnormalities in your puppy. All puppies are susceptible, but large and giant breeds (those who will weigh more than 55 lbs. when fully grown), are at greatest risk. Prescription Diet Canine p/d has been designed by Veterinarians to nutritionally manage developmental growth disorders in puppies, with a large breed formula that meets the special needs of large and giant breed pups. In addition to nutrition, these disorders are attributed to genetics and environment.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Developmental Growth Disorders. Developmental growth disorders profoundly affect growth patterns and cause painful skeletal abnormalities in your puppy. All puppies are susceptible, but large and giant breeds (those who will weigh more than 55 lbs. when fully grown), are at greatest risk. Prescription Diet Canine p/d has been designed by Veterinarians to nutritionally manage developmental growth disorders in puppies, with a large breed formula that meets the special needs of large and giant breed pups. In addition to nutrition, these disorders are attributed to genetics and environment.
Prescription Diet Canine p/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Developmental Growth Disorders. Developmental growth disorders profoundly affect growth patterns and cause painful skeletal abnormalities in your puppy. All puppies are susceptible, but large and giant breeds (those who will weigh more than 55 lbs. when fully grown), are at greatest risk. Prescription Diet Canine p/d has been designed by Veterinarians to nutritionally manage developmental growth disorders in puppies, with a large breed formula that meets the special needs of large and giant breed pups. In addition to nutrition, these disorders are attributed to genetics and environment.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Developmental Growth Disorders. Developmental growth disorders profoundly affect growth patterns and cause painful skeletal abnormalities in your puppy. All puppies are susceptible, but large and giant breeds (those who will weigh more than 55 lbs. when fully grown), are at greatest risk. Prescription Diet Canine p/d has been designed by Veterinarians to nutritionally manage developmental growth disorders in puppies, with a large breed formula that meets the special needs of large and giant breed pups. In addition to nutrition, these disorders are attributed to genetics and environment.
Prescription Diet Canine p/d Large Breed Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Developmental Growth Disorders. Developmental growth disorders profoundly affect growth patterns and cause painful skeletal abnormalities in your puppy. All puppies are susceptible, but large and giant breeds (those who will weigh more than 55 lbs. when fully grown), are at greatest risk. Prescription Diet Canine p/d has been designed by Veterinarians to nutritionally manage developmental growth disorders in puppies, with a large breed formula that meets the special needs of large and giant breed pups. In addition to nutrition, these disorders are attributed to genetics and environment.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Developmental Growth Disorders. Developmental growth disorders profoundly affect growth patterns and cause painful skeletal abnormalities in your puppy. All puppies are susceptible, but large and giant breeds (those who will weigh more than 55 lbs. when fully grown), are at greatest risk. Prescription Diet Canine p/d has been designed by Veterinarians to nutritionally manage developmental growth disorders in puppies, with a large breed formula that meets the special needs of large and giant breed pups. In addition to nutrition, these disorders are attributed to genetics and environment.
Prescription Diet Canine r/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Obese or Overweight Pets. Being overweight can cause your pet discomfort, reduce energy levels and even shorten their life. Just as in people, weight gain is usually associated with excessive calorie and fat intake combined with a lack of exercise. Obesity can lead to such serious conditions as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and others. Prescription Diet Canine r/d was designed specifically for the management of weight problems in dogs.
For the Nutritional Management of Obese or Overweight Pets. Being overweight can cause your pet discomfort, reduce energy levels and even shorten their life. Just as in people, weight gain is usually associated with excessive calorie and fat intake combined with a lack of exercise. Obesity can lead to such serious conditions as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and others. Prescription Diet Canine r/d was designed specifically for the management of weight problems in dogs.
Prescription Diet Canine r/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Obese or Overweight Pets. Being overweight can cause your pet discomfort, reduce energy levels and even shorten their life. Just as in people, weight gain is usually associated with excessive calorie and fat intake combined with a lack of exercise. Obesity can lead to such serious conditions as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and others. Prescription Diet Canine r/d was designed specifically for the management of weight problems in dogs.
For the Nutritional Management of Obese or Overweight Pets. Being overweight can cause your pet discomfort, reduce energy levels and even shorten their life. Just as in people, weight gain is usually associated with excessive calorie and fat intake combined with a lack of exercise. Obesity can lead to such serious conditions as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and others. Prescription Diet Canine r/d was designed specifically for the management of weight problems in dogs.
Prescription Diet s/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with Urinary Tract Disease. Urinary tract disease in dogs is often caused by the formation of mineral-based crystals and stones in the urinary tract that can cause discomfort, bloody urine and even life-threatening obstruction. For dogs, struvite crystals are generally what cause urinary tract disease. Prescription Diet® s/d® has been formulated by Veterinarians to help resolve struvite crystals and stones in your dog. Struvite forms as a result of urine that's saturated with protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium combined with an improper urine pH.
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with Urinary Tract Disease. Urinary tract disease in dogs is often caused by the formation of mineral-based crystals and stones in the urinary tract that can cause discomfort, bloody urine and even life-threatening obstruction. For dogs, struvite crystals are generally what cause urinary tract disease. Prescription Diet® s/d® has been formulated by Veterinarians to help resolve struvite crystals and stones in your dog. Struvite forms as a result of urine that's saturated with protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium combined with an improper urine pH.
Prescription Diet t/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with Dental Disease. By the age of three, your dog could begin showing signs of dental disease. This painful and potentially serious problem is most commonly a result of tartar build-up at and under the gum line. Prescription Diet® Canine t/d® was formulated specifically for the nutritional management of dogs with dental disease. Because your pet can't brush their own teeth, the build-up of tartar can lead to periodontal disease, a dental condition that can weaken the gums and tissues that support the teeth.
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with Dental Disease. By the age of three, your dog could begin showing signs of dental disease. This painful and potentially serious problem is most commonly a result of tartar build-up at and under the gum line. Prescription Diet® Canine t/d® was formulated specifically for the nutritional management of dogs with dental disease. Because your pet can't brush their own teeth, the build-up of tartar can lead to periodontal disease, a dental condition that can weaken the gums and tissues that support the teeth.
Prescription Diet t/d Small Bites Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with Dental Disease. By the age of three, your dog could begin showing signs of dental disease. This painful and potentially serious problem is most commonly a result of tartar build-up at and under the gum line. Prescription Diet® Canine t/d® was formulated specifically for the nutritional management of dogs with dental disease. Because your pet can't brush their own teeth, the build-up of tartar can lead to periodontal disease, a dental condition that can weaken the gums and tissues that support the teeth.
For the Nutritional Management of Dogs with Dental Disease. By the age of three, your dog could begin showing signs of dental disease. This painful and potentially serious problem is most commonly a result of tartar build-up at and under the gum line. Prescription Diet® Canine t/d® was formulated specifically for the nutritional management of dogs with dental disease. Because your pet can't brush their own teeth, the build-up of tartar can lead to periodontal disease, a dental condition that can weaken the gums and tissues that support the teeth.
Prescription Diet u/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Advanced Kidney Disorders. Advanced kidney disorders are marked by a variety of potentially serious and even life threatening symptoms for your dog. This condition, also called kidney failure, is usually considered irreversible, but may be managed with proper care and the right food. Prescription Diet Canine u/d was developed to aid in the management of the problems associated with advanced kidney disorders. Kidney disorders cause the kidneys to be less efficient at regulating body fluids and removing waste from the bloodstream.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Advanced Kidney Disorders. Advanced kidney disorders are marked by a variety of potentially serious and even life threatening symptoms for your dog. This condition, also called kidney failure, is usually considered irreversible, but may be managed with proper care and the right food. Prescription Diet Canine u/d was developed to aid in the management of the problems associated with advanced kidney disorders. Kidney disorders cause the kidneys to be less efficient at regulating body fluids and removing waste from the bloodstream.
Prescription Diet u/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Advanced Kidney Disorders. Advanced kidney disorders are marked by a variety of potentially serious and even life threatening symptoms for your dog. This condition, also called kidney failure, is usually considered irreversible, but may be managed with proper care and the right food. Prescription Diet Canine u/d was developed to aid in the management of the problems associated with advanced kidney disorders. Kidney disorders cause the kidneys to be less efficient at regulating body fluids and removing waste from the bloodstream.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Advanced Kidney Disorders. Advanced kidney disorders are marked by a variety of potentially serious and even life threatening symptoms for your dog. This condition, also called kidney failure, is usually considered irreversible, but may be managed with proper care and the right food. Prescription Diet Canine u/d was developed to aid in the management of the problems associated with advanced kidney disorders. Kidney disorders cause the kidneys to be less efficient at regulating body fluids and removing waste from the bloodstream.
Prescription Diet w/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Obese or Overweight Pets. Being overweight can cause your pet discomfort, reduce energy levels and even shorten their life. Just as in people, weight gain is usually associated with excessive calorie and fat intake combined with a lack of exercise. Obesity can lead to such serious conditions as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and others. Prescription Diet Canine w/d was designed specifically for the management of weight problems in dogs.
For the Nutritional Management of Obese or Overweight Pets. Being overweight can cause your pet discomfort, reduce energy levels and even shorten their life. Just as in people, weight gain is usually associated with excessive calorie and fat intake combined with a lack of exercise. Obesity can lead to such serious conditions as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and others. Prescription Diet Canine w/d was designed specifically for the management of weight problems in dogs.
Prescription Diet w/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Obese or Overweight Pets. Being overweight can cause your pet discomfort, reduce energy levels and even shorten their life. Just as in people, weight gain is usually associated with excessive calorie and fat intake combined with a lack of exercise. Obesity can lead to such serious conditions as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and others. Prescription Diet Canine w/d was designed specifically for the management of weight problems in dogs.
For the Nutritional Management of Obese or Overweight Pets. Being overweight can cause your pet discomfort, reduce energy levels and even shorten their life. Just as in people, weight gain is usually associated with excessive calorie and fat intake combined with a lack of exercise. Obesity can lead to such serious conditions as heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and others. Prescription Diet Canine w/d was designed specifically for the management of weight problems in dogs.
Prescription Diet Canine z/d Canned
Food allergy and intolerance are potentially serious problems that can result in sensitive or irritated skin, coat and ear conditions or even digestive problems. Dogs that have food allergy or intolerance, also called adverse reactions to food, typically are having an abnormal response to the protein in the food. Only Prescription Diet® Canine z/d® Canned is formulated with Hill's Hydrolyzed Protein System™, a process that breaks down intact animal proteins and significantly reduces the possibility of an adverse reaction to food. Reactions usually occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine z/d® Canned contains none of these allergens. The nutritional formulation of Prescription Diet® z/d® Canned may also be useful for pets with a variety of conditions.
Food allergy and intolerance are potentially serious problems that can result in sensitive or irritated skin, coat and ear conditions or even digestive problems. Dogs that have food allergy or intolerance, also called adverse reactions to food, typically are having an abnormal response to the protein in the food. Only Prescription Diet® Canine z/d® Canned is formulated with Hill's Hydrolyzed Protein System™, a process that breaks down intact animal proteins and significantly reduces the possibility of an adverse reaction to food. Reactions usually occur as a result of beef, dairy products and wheat. Canine z/d® Canned contains none of these allergens. The nutritional formulation of Prescription Diet® z/d® Canned may also be useful for pets with a variety of conditions.
Prescription Diet Canine z/d Low Allergen
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance are potentially serious problems that can result in sensitive or irritated skin, coat and ear conditions, or even digestive problems. Pets that have food allergies or intolerance, also called adverse reactions to food, typically are having an abnormal response to the protein in the food. Prescription Diet® Canine z/d® Low Allergen has been exclusively formulated by Veterinarians with Hill's Hydrolyzed Protein System™, a unique protein that helps reduce the possibility of an adverse reaction to food. Most reactions occur because of an allergy to beef, dairy products or wheat. Canine z/d® Low Allergen contains none of these.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergy and intolerance are potentially serious problems that can result in sensitive or irritated skin, coat and ear conditions, or even digestive problems. Pets that have food allergies or intolerance, also called adverse reactions to food, typically are having an abnormal response to the protein in the food. Prescription Diet® Canine z/d® Low Allergen has been exclusively formulated by Veterinarians with Hill's Hydrolyzed Protein System™, a unique protein that helps reduce the possibility of an adverse reaction to food. Most reactions occur because of an allergy to beef, dairy products or wheat. Canine z/d® Low Allergen contains none of these.
Prescription Diet Canine z/d ULTRA Allergen Free
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergies and intolerance can be mild to severe and may include painful problems with the skin, ears and digestive tract. These responses, also known as adverse reactions to food, are ususally a response to protein in the food. Prescription Diet® Canine z/d® ULTRA Allergen Free was designed by Veterinarians for extreme cases of food allergy and intolerance. It has been exclusively formulated with Hill's Hydrolyzed Protein System™, a unique protein that helps eliminate the possibility of an adverse reaction to food. Most reactions occur because of an allergy to beef, dairy products or wheat. Canine z/d® ULTRA Allergen Free contains none of these. This product is considered the "Gold Standard" by Veterinarians at Hill's to provide the ultimate food in eliminating the chance of adverse food reactions or allergies in dogs. The price is worth the confidence you will have in providing your pet relief.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Food Allergy and Intolerance. Food allergies and intolerance can be mild to severe and may include painful problems with the skin, ears and digestive tract. These responses, also known as adverse reactions to food, are ususally a response to protein in the food. Prescription Diet® Canine z/d® ULTRA Allergen Free was designed by Veterinarians for extreme cases of food allergy and intolerance. It has been exclusively formulated with Hill's Hydrolyzed Protein System™, a unique protein that helps eliminate the possibility of an adverse reaction to food. Most reactions occur because of an allergy to beef, dairy products or wheat. Canine z/d® ULTRA Allergen Free contains none of these. This product is considered the "Gold Standard" by Veterinarians at Hill's to provide the ultimate food in eliminating the chance of adverse food reactions or allergies in dogs. The price is worth the confidence you will have in providing your pet relief.
Prescription Diet c/d Canned
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Urinary Tract Disease associated with Struvite in Dogs. Urinary tract disease is associated with the build-up of crystals and stones in the urinary tract that can cause painful and bloody urination and potential blockage in your dog. One type of crystal that forms in a dog's urinary tract is called struvite. Prescription Diet c/d was formulated specifically to provide nutritional management of struvite-related urinary tract disease. Struvite forms in response to urine saturated with magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus, as well as an alkaline (basic) urinary pH.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Urinary Tract Disease associated with Struvite in Dogs. Urinary tract disease is associated with the build-up of crystals and stones in the urinary tract that can cause painful and bloody urination and potential blockage in your dog. One type of crystal that forms in a dog's urinary tract is called struvite. Prescription Diet c/d was formulated specifically to provide nutritional management of struvite-related urinary tract disease. Struvite forms in response to urine saturated with magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus, as well as an alkaline (basic) urinary pH.
Prescription Diet c/d Dry
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Urinary Tract Disease associated with Struvite in Dogs. Urinary tract disease is associated with the build-up of crystals and stones in the urinary tract that can cause painful and bloody urination and potential blockage in your dog. One type of crystal that forms in a dog's urinary tract is called struvite. Prescription Diet c/d was formulated specifically to provide nutritional management of struvite-related urinary tract disease. Struvite forms in response to urine saturated with magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus, as well as an alkaline (basic) urinary pH.
For the Nutritional Management of Pets with Urinary Tract Disease associated with Struvite in Dogs. Urinary tract disease is associated with the build-up of crystals and stones in the urinary tract that can cause painful and bloody urination and potential blockage in your dog. One type of crystal that forms in a dog's urinary tract is called struvite. Prescription Diet c/d was formulated specifically to provide nutritional management of struvite-related urinary tract disease. Struvite forms in response to urine saturated with magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus, as well as an alkaline (basic) urinary pH.
Prescription Diet Canine Metabolic
Canine Metabolic Advanced Weight Solution. Just like the human epidemic, almost 50% of the pet population is overweight. Even a little extra weight can lead to serious health problems. The pet's quality of life and relationship with family is also impacted, because that extra weight can reduce play time, impact mobility and affect the lifelong general health of your dog. Hill's Prescription Diet Metabolic Advanced Weight Solution is weight loss and maintenance nutrition clinically proven to naturally work with each dog's unique metabolic response to support healthy weight loss and maintenance. This breakthrough nutrition is clinically proven to safely provide 28% body fat loss in only 2 months, because it works to control hunger, helping to keep dogs feeling full and satisfied between meals.
Canine Metabolic Advanced Weight Solution. Just like the human epidemic, almost 50% of the pet population is overweight. Even a little extra weight can lead to serious health problems. The pet's quality of life and relationship with family is also impacted, because that extra weight can reduce play time, impact mobility and affect the lifelong general health of your dog. Hill's Prescription Diet Metabolic Advanced Weight Solution is weight loss and maintenance nutrition clinically proven to naturally work with each dog's unique metabolic response to support healthy weight loss and maintenance. This breakthrough nutrition is clinically proven to safely provide 28% body fat loss in only 2 months, because it works to control hunger, helping to keep dogs feeling full and satisfied between meals.
Other Recommendations
If we have given you any special recommendations, please consider and/or continue to follow them. If you have any questions that are not answered here, or concerns for your pet, please do not hesitate to call.Albendazole
Albendazole is a worming medication that is registered for use in large animals, but has good use in small animals as well. This medication is very effective in certain hard-to-treat parasitic infections.
Adverse Reactions
Dogs treated at 50 mg/kg twice daily may develop anorexia. Cats may exhibit symptoms of mild lethargy, depression, anorexia and resistance to taking the medication when albendazole is used to treat Paragonimus.
Baytril
Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic used in dogs and cats for the management of diseases associated with bacteria susceptible to enrofloxacin.
Adverse Reactions
With the exception of potential cartilage abnormalities in young animals, the adverse effect profile of enrofloxacin is usually limited to GI distress (vomiting, anorexia). In dogs, rare incidences of elevated hepatic enzymes, ataxia, seizures, depression, lethargy and nervousness have also been reported. Hypersensitivity reactions or crystalluria could potentially occur. In cats, rare incidences of ocular toxicity have been reported, characterized by mydriasis, retinal degeneration, and blindness. These effects were generally seen at higher dosage ranges (>15 mg/kg) and have necessitated a reduction in dosage recommendations in cats to a maximum of 5 mg/kg/day. Other rare adverse effects seen in cats may include vomiting, anorexia, elevated hepatic enzymes, diarrhea, ataxia, seizures, depression/lethargy, vocalization, and aggression.
Chlorambucil
Chlorambucil may be useful in a variety of neoplastic diseases, including lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, macroglobulinemia, and ovarian adenocarcinoma. It may also be useful as therapy for some immune-mediated conditions (e.g., glomerulonephritis, non-erosive arthritis, or immune-mediated skin disease). It has found favor as a routine treatment for feline pemphigus foliaceous and severe feline eosinophilic granuloma complex. Please use as directed, and report immediately any signs associated with toxicity (e.g., abnormal bleeding, bruising, urination, depression, infection, shortness of breath, etc.).
Adverse Reactions
The most commonly associated major adverse effects seen with chlorambucil therapy is myelosuppression manifested by anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia and gastrointestinal toxicity. A greater likelihood of toxicity occurs with higher dosages. This may occur gradually with nadirs occurring usually within 7-14 days of the start of therapy. Recovery generally takes from 7-14 days. Severe bone marrow depression can result in pancytopenia that may take months to years for recovery. In humans, bronchopulmonary dysplasia with pulmonary fibrosis and uric acid nephropathy have been reported. These effects are more uncommon and generally associated with chronic, higher dose therapy. Hepatotoxicity has been reported rarely in humans. Alopecia and delayed regrowth of shaven fur have been reported in dogs. Poodles or Kerry blues are more likely to be affected than other breeds.
Clavamox
In relation to amoxicillin, Clavamox is a penicillin-based antibiotic that is effective against many infections common in pet animals. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall and is effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms that cause disease in the kidneys, liver, heart, skin, lungs, intestines, bile, bone, prostate and joints. It is also indicated for canine periodontal disease due to susceptible strains of bacteria. Clavulanic acid potentiates the effects of amoxicillin by blocking bacterial enzymes that would render most other penicillins inactive. Clavamox may be administered orally without regard to feeding status. If your pet develops vomiting or diarrhea, giving the medication along with food may be of benefit.
Adverse Reactions
Adverse effects with the penicillins are usually not serious and have a relatively low frequency of occurrence. Hypersensitivity reactions unrelated to dose can occur with these agents and can be manifested as rashes, fever, eosinophilia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemias, lymphadenopathy or full blown anaphylaxis. In humans, it is estimated that up to 15% of patients hypersensitive to cephalosporins will also be hypersensitive to penicillins. The incidence of cross-reactivity in veterinary patients is unknown. When given orally, penicillins may cause GI effects (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea). Because the penicillins may also alter gut flora, antibiotic-associated diarrhea can occur, as well as selecting out resistant bacteria maintaining residence in the colon of the animal (superinfections). High doses, or very prolonged use, has been associated with neurotoxicity (e.g., ataxia in dogs). Although the penicillins are not considered to be hepatotoxic, elevated liver enzymes have been reported. Other effects reported in dogs include tachypnea, dyspnea, edema, and tachycardia.
Convenia
Convenia contains cefovecin sodium, a semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic. It is indicated for the treatment of skin infections, urinary infections, wounds and abcesses in dogs and cats. Convenia is administered as a single subcutaneous injection. Convenia delivers up to 14 days of treatment with a single injection. There are no chances for missed doses. Convenia is both safe and effective. It eliminates the need for daily oral antibiotic medication.
Adverse Reactions
Do not use in case of hypersensitivity to cephalosporin or penicillin antibiotics.
Do not use in small herbivores (including guinea pigs and rabbits).
Do not use in dogs and cats less than 8 weeks old.
On very rare occasions gastrointestinal signs, including emesis and/or diarrhrea have been observed.
Do not use in small herbivores (including guinea pigs and rabbits).
Do not use in dogs and cats less than 8 weeks old.
On very rare occasions gastrointestinal signs, including emesis and/or diarrhrea have been observed.
Famotidine
In veterinary medicine, famotidine may be useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of ulcers.
Adverse Reactions
Because there is limited experience with this drug, its adverse effect profile has not been fully determined for veterinary species. Too rapid IV infusion may cause bradycardia. Other H2 blockers have been demonstrated to be relatively safe and exhibit minimal adverse effects. Potential adverse effects (documented in humans), that could be seen include GI effects (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea), headache, or dry mouth or skin. Rarely, agranulocytosis may develop, particularly when used concomitantly with other drugs that can cause bone marrow depression. There have been reports of famotidine causing intravascular hemolysis when given intravenously to cats.
Fatty Acids, Essential/Omega Fish Oil/Vegetable Oil
These products are generally indicated for any condition causing tissue damage or inflammation. They reduce the formation of chemical mediators of pain, inflammation and itch. These compounds have been shown to reduce the need for cortisone and other antiinflammatory medications in the treatment of arthritis and allergic skin disease. They are not harmful and come from natural sources.
Adverse Reactions
At high dosages, GI disturbances (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea) may be seen. Rarely, some dogs become lethargic or more pruritic. In human patients, increased bleeding times and decreased platelet aggregation have been noted with use of fish oils; use with caution in patients with coagulopathies.
Levothyroxine Sodium
Levothyroxine sodium is indicated for the treatment of hypothyroidism in all species. Thyroid hormone drives the rate of cellular metabolism. All cells require thyroid hormone, but the cells which reproduce more frequently have a higher need for thyroid hormone to function effectively. These tissues are the skin, the gastrointestinal tract and the white blood cells. Low thyroid hormone, therefore, can cause skin disease and intestinal disease, as well as lower immune function.Recommendations: We recommend testing thyroid function (with a thyroid stimulation test), three (3) times a year along with a physical examination and routine blood screen. The thyroid stimulation test serum levels should be drawn before the dose and 6-8 hours after.
Adverse Reactions
Levothyroxine (and other replacement thyroid hormones), are contraindicated in patients with acute myocardial infarction, thyrotoxicosis or untreated adrenal insufficiency. It should be used with caution, and at a lower initial dosage, in patients with concurrent hypoadrenocorticism (treated), cardiac disease, diabetes or in those who are aged.
When administered at an appropriate dose to patients requiring thyroid hormone replacement, there should not be any adverse effects associated with therapy.
When administered at an appropriate dose to patients requiring thyroid hormone replacement, there should not be any adverse effects associated with therapy.
Mitotane
This medication is used for the treatment of Cushing's Disease in dogs. Please discontinue this medication should your pet have vomiting, diarrhea or loss of appetite. Most pets with Cushing's Disease are drinking excessive quantities of water and a reduction of water intake is an indication to stop this medication and call your veterinarian. At this time, additional blood tests such as an ACTH Stimulation Test may be necessary in order to adjust the medication dose and frequency.
Adverse Effects/Warnings
Most common adverse effects seen with initial therapy in dogs include lethargy, ataxia, weakness, anorexia, vomiting and/or diarrhea. Adverse effects are commonly associated with plasma cortisol levels of less than 1 micrograms/dl or a too rapid decrease of plasma cortisol levels into the normal range. Adverse effects may also be more commonly seen in dogs weighing less than 5 kg, which may be due to the inability to accurately dose. The incidence of one or more of these effects is approximately 25% and they are usually mild. If adverse effects are noted, it is recommended to temporarily halt mitotane therapy and supplement with glucocorticoids. Owners should be provided with a small supply of predniso(lo)ne tablets to initiate treatment. Should the symptoms persist 3 hours after steroids are supplemented, consider other medical problems.
Liver changes (congestion, centrolobular atrophy, and moderate to severe fatty degeneration), have been noted in dogs given mitotane. Although not commonly associated with clinical symptomatology, these effects may be more pronounced with long-term therapy or in dogs with preexisting liver disease.
In perhaps 5% of dogs treated, long-term glucocorticoid and sometimes mineralocorticoid replacement therapy may be required. All dogs receiving mitotane therapy should receive additional glucocorticoid supplementation if undergoing a stress (e.g., surgery, trauma, acute illness).
Liver changes (congestion, centrolobular atrophy, and moderate to severe fatty degeneration), have been noted in dogs given mitotane. Although not commonly associated with clinical symptomatology, these effects may be more pronounced with long-term therapy or in dogs with preexisting liver disease.
In perhaps 5% of dogs treated, long-term glucocorticoid and sometimes mineralocorticoid replacement therapy may be required. All dogs receiving mitotane therapy should receive additional glucocorticoid supplementation if undergoing a stress (e.g., surgery, trauma, acute illness).
Praziquantel/Pyrantel Pamoate/Febantel
Praziquantel (Droncit) is used to treat infection of tapeworms. When mixed with pyrantel pamoate plus febantel (Drontal Plus Tablets), it is used to treat hookworms, roundworms, whipworms and tapeworms.
Adverse Reactions
When used orally, praziquantel can cause anorexia, vomiting, lethargy or diarrhea in dogs, but the incidence of these effects is less than 5%. In cats, adverse effects were quite rare (2%) in field trials using oral praziquantel with salivation and diarrhea being reported. An increased incidence of adverse effects have been reported after using the injectable product. In dogs, pain at the injection site, vomiting, drowsiness and/or a staggering gait were reported from field trials with the drug. Some cats (9.4%) showed symptoms of diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, salivation, sleepiness, transient anorexia and/or pain at the injection site.
Prednisone
Prednisone is a powerful steroid medication that reduces inflammation. At higher doses and higher frequencies of administration, prednisone also supresses the function of the pet's immune system and can have negative effects on the internal organs.Your pet will likely drink excessive quantities of water and will likely urinate excessively. Some pets may urinate inappropriately in the house. Appetite will also be stimulated in some pets to the point of eating garbage or stealing food from the table.
This medication should not be stopped abruptly. This may result in withdrawal type effects that can be damaging to your pet's health. If your pet is on this medication for long periods of time, we recommend he/she be re-evaluated three (3) times a year with physical examinations, blood and urine tests.
Adverse Reactions
Adverse effects are generally associated with long-term administration of these drugs, especially if given at high dosages or not on an alternate day regimen. Effects generally are manifested as symptoms of hyperadrenocorticism. When administered to young, growing animals, glucocorticoids can retard growth. Many of the potential effects, adverse and otherwise, are outlined above in the Pharmacology section.
In dogs, polydipsia (PD), polyphagia (PP) and polyuria (PU), may all be seen with short-term "burst" therapy as well as with alternate-day maintenance therapy on days when the drug is given. Adverse effects in dogs can include dull, dry haircoat, weight gain, panting, vomiting, diarrhea, elevated liver enzymes, pancreatitis, GI ulceration, lipidemias, activation or worsening of diabetes mellitus, muscle wasting and behavioral changes (depression, lethargy, viciousness). Discontinuation of the drug may be necessary; changing to an alternate steroid may also alleviate the problem. With the exception of PU/PD/PP, adverse effects associated with antiinflammatory therapy are relatively uncommon. Adverse effects associated with immunosuppressive doses are more common and potentially more severe.
Cats generally require higher dosages than dogs for clinical effect, but tend to develop fewer adverse effects. Occasionally, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia with weight gain, diarrhea, or depression can be seen. Long-term, high dose therapy can lead to "Cushingoid" effects, however.
Administration of dexamethasone or triamcinolone may play a role in the development of laminitis in horses.
In dogs, polydipsia (PD), polyphagia (PP) and polyuria (PU), may all be seen with short-term "burst" therapy as well as with alternate-day maintenance therapy on days when the drug is given. Adverse effects in dogs can include dull, dry haircoat, weight gain, panting, vomiting, diarrhea, elevated liver enzymes, pancreatitis, GI ulceration, lipidemias, activation or worsening of diabetes mellitus, muscle wasting and behavioral changes (depression, lethargy, viciousness). Discontinuation of the drug may be necessary; changing to an alternate steroid may also alleviate the problem. With the exception of PU/PD/PP, adverse effects associated with antiinflammatory therapy are relatively uncommon. Adverse effects associated with immunosuppressive doses are more common and potentially more severe.
Cats generally require higher dosages than dogs for clinical effect, but tend to develop fewer adverse effects. Occasionally, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia with weight gain, diarrhea, or depression can be seen. Long-term, high dose therapy can lead to "Cushingoid" effects, however.
Administration of dexamethasone or triamcinolone may play a role in the development of laminitis in horses.
Tapered Dose Instructions
We highly recommend a reducing dose to prevent side effects from steroid administration.
Give one (1) tablet twice (2x) a day for the first three (3) days.
Then give one (1) tablet daily for the next three (3) days.
Then give one (1) tablet every second (2nd) day, until all tablets are finished.
Give one (1) tablet twice (2x) a day for the first three (3) days.
Then give one (1) tablet daily for the next three (3) days.
Then give one (1) tablet every second (2nd) day, until all tablets are finished.
Other Medications
If we have prescribed you any medication(s) not listed here, please continue to follow our dosing directions. If you have any questions, or concerns for your pet, please do not hesitate to call.
