Laboratory Tests give us a “Window into your pet’s body”. Use the following list of laboratory test results to help better understand how these test results affect the health of your pet.
As with many tests, medications may interfere or cause false results. Please inform us if your pet is taking any medications.
Depending on the test(s) performed, the results may take several days to receive. If your pet’s results are pending, we will contact you when the results are in. However, please do not hesitate to call and check on the results, particularly if your pet is ill.
Additionally, if you can’t find your answers here and you still have questions or uncertainties about your pet’s results, please do not hesitate to call us.
Blood Screens
Routine Blood Screen
A pet wellness screen is a blood test, which assesses the internal organ function that cannot be determined based on physical examination alone.The following is a description of each test involved. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask any of our healthcare team members.
Liver Function Tests
An (AST) Aspartate Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), that usually lives only within the cells of the liver. When this chemical is found in the blood, it is an indication that severe damage to a certain number of liver cells has occurred. Elevations of this enzyme are more serious than the elevation of the ALT because the AST is a part of the inner-cellular machinery and usually cell death must occur before it leaks from the liver. AST is also found in muscle cells, and uncommonly, this test indicates muscle disease.
16 - 55 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal AST (SGOT)
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Mild Increase -AST (SGOT)
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -AST (SGOT)
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -AST (SGOT)
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
An (ALT) Alanine Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally lives in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of ALT within the plasma and elevations indicate liver disease but do not necessarily correlate with the degree of liver disease. A moderate increase in these levels may also be caused by administration of glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants without appreciable liver damage.
18-121 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALT (SGPT)
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Mild Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
An Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of Serum Amyloid P Component (SAP), within the plasma. The alkaline phosphatase test result is elevated when disease of the liver, and in particular the gall bladder, is present. Alkaline phosphatase is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants, however, this elevation does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Elevations of the alkaline phosphatase are also present and normal in young, growing pets. Excessive internal production of cortisol due to hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease) is a common cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase.
5 - 160 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALP
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Mild Increase -ALP
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALP
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALP
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is contained in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of GGT within the plasma. The GGT test result can be elevated with disease of the liver, and in particular, the gall bladder. GGT is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants. This elevation, however, does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Excessive internal production of cortisol is a common cause of elevated GGT, which is called hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease).
0 - 13 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal GGT
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Mild Increase -GGT
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
This is a test for the blood protein Albumin. Albumin is produced by the liver and is important for keeping water in the blood vessels and transporting certain chemicals in the blood.
2.7-3.9 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Albumin
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Normal Albumin
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
Increased Albumin
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
This is a test for the blood protein Globulin. Globulins (also known as antibodies), are an important part of the immune system and are involved in fighting off infections.
2.4-4.0 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Globulin
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Normal Globulin
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Increased Globulin
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
This is a test for blood bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is released when red blood cells are destroyed and is then processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and finally secreted into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and are then recycled (conjugated) by the liver.
0.0-0.3 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Total
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of direct bilirubin indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease, or bile duct disease. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice. Obstruction of the bile duct or gall bladder with stones or sludge, as well as moderate to severe inflammation of the liver, can cause elevation of bilirubin.
0.0-0.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Conjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Kidney Function Tests
The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of kidney function. Urea is produced through the breakdown of proteins and is excreted via the kidneys into the urine.
9 - 31 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased BUN
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Normal BUN
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
Mild Increase -BUN
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -BUN
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -BUN
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
This is a test for kidney function. Creatinine is an amino acid that is released into the blood at a constant rate from muscle cells and then filtered into the urine at a constant rate by the kidneys.
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Creatinine
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Normal Creatinine
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Creatinine
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -Creatinine
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -Creatinine
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
Electrolyte Function Tests
Sodium is an important electrolyte involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the total amount of fluid in the tissues and blood vessels.
142-152 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Sodium
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Sodium
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Increased Sodium
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps with normal muscle and nerve function.
4.0-5.4 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Potassium
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Potassium
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Mild Increase -Potassium
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Chloride is an electrolyte which is an important component of stomach acid (Hydrochloric acid).
108-119 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Chloride
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Normal Chloride
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Increased Chloride
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), is the end product of metabolism for the body. Normally, carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by blood, where it is exhaled. The carbon dioxide also forms bicarbonate, which is used to help maintain the correct acid/base environment in the body. This bicarbonate decreases when the body becomes more acid and increases when the body becomes more alkaline. Acid conditions are caused by severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, and any other severe illness. Alkaline conditions are caused by excessive panting (uncommon) or hydrochloric acid loss as a result of severe vomiting.
15-25 mmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Moderate Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Normal CO2
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Mild Increase -CO2
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Phosphorus
A decrease in phosphorus levels, referred to as hypophosphatemia, is uncommon. Basically, anything that causes an increase in calcium levels, could potentially cause a decrease in phosphorus levels; certain medications, a recent large meal or Cushing’s disease.
A decrease in phosphorus levels, referred to as hypophosphatemia, is uncommon. Basically, anything that causes an increase in calcium levels, could potentially cause a decrease in phosphorus levels; certain medications, a recent large meal or Cushing’s disease.
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus levels are normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus levels are normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Pancreas Function Tests
Cholesterol is an essential building block of many important chemicals and hormones of the body. It is the basic structure component of cortisol, estrogen, testosterone and many other chemicals. Cholesterol plaques do not occur in our pets because of their relatively short life span. Therefore, the concerns of cholesterol elevations in pets are not the same as they are in humans.
131-345 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Normal Cholesterol
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
Mild Increase -Cholesterol
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
Moderate Increase -Cholesterol
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
Severe Increase -Cholesterol
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
Blood glucose (a type of sugar), is the primary energy source for the body. Glucose enters the cells of the body with the help of (body producing) insulin and is an essential constituent of blood. If blood glucose values fall below normal your pet becomes weak, as it falls lower your pet may be very weak, exhibit tremors, seizures or coma; and if glucose falls very low for an extended time, it may be fatal. To determine blood glucose levels, a simple in-hospital test can be done using a small drop of blood (beneficial to kittens and puppies, as a large amount of blood is not required).
63-114 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Glucose
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can come on suddenly and include: loss of appetite, trembling, weakness, increased urination and thirst, cold-white gums (vs. warm, pink gums), behavioral changes, lack of energy, response time and coordination; as well as involuntary twitching, seizures and partial paralysis of hindquarters. Severe hypoglycemia, if left untreated, will ultimately affect brain functions, organs and eventually lead to unconsciousness followed by death (severe symptoms are also seen with insulin overdose).
Causes
Hypoglycemia is known to be caused by liver inflammation or cancer, Portosystemic shunt, prolonged vigorous exercise, malnutrition, artificial sweetener toxicity, over administration of insulin, and elapsed meal time in kittens, puppies and notably toy (small) breeds.
Diagnosis
In addition to a physical exam and blood glucose test, we may recommend additional tests to rule out and/or determine the underlying cause. Specifically, liver, kidney and pancreas blood tests may be performed to evaluate organ function. Other related blood test and a urinalysis may also be needed for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Puppy Hypoglycemia
Puppies are highly susceptible to hypoglycemia; especially small breed and toy breed pups. The reason being, they have less muscle mass compared to that of a large breed dog; therefore, it is harder for their body to maintain proper glucose levels. Regular meal times are imperative, because missing just one meal can bring on a sudden episode of hypoglycemia in a puppy. The signs to look for include lethargic, trembling, stumbling and non-responsiveness. You need to immediately give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (repeating once or twice). You should begin to see improvement in a few minutes, if you do not, then you need to seek veterinary care immediately!
Insulin Overdose | Caring for your diabetic pet
One of the main causes of hypoglycemia in diabetic pets is inadvertently over administration of insulin. To prevent the possibility of double dosing, it’s a good idea for only one family member to be in charge of administering insulin to your pet. It is important to administer the insulin at the same time(s) each day; scheduling at meal time is a good way to remember. Missing a dose is insignificant, but overdosing can be fatal! Watch for the warning signs as they can come on quickly: stumbling (as if drunk), muscle tremors, weakness, nervousness, unusual behavior, anxiety and pupil dilation. If your pet is experiencing these signs, immediately feed your pet! If your pet will not eat, you need to give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (you can also do this if your pet is unconscious). You can repeat this process by giving them more honey/syrup, but do not give them insulin, this could result in death! In the event of unconsciousness and your pet responds, feed him/her right away and seek veterinary care. If your pet does not respond at all after giving him/her honey or syrup, seek veterinary care immediately! In the event your pet has remained conscious, yet with symptoms, as soon as they are alert and able, feed them a meal of their regular food.
Normal Glucose
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Increased Glucose
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
Muscles and Bones Tests
Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK), also referred to as Creatine Kinase (CK), is an enzyme found in normal muscle cells. This is a test for muscle damage. It can be elevated after extreme exertion, trauma or from toxins such as those found in snake venoms.
10-200 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased CPK
Not clinically significant
Not clinically significant
Normal CPK
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
Mild Increase -CPK
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
Moderate Increase -CPK
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
Severe Increase -CPK
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
Calcium is a mineral which is necessary for proper muscle contraction, proper bone formation and proper kidney function as well as many other functions of the body.
8.4-11.8 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Calcium
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Normal Calcium
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Mild Increase -Calcium
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
Moderate Increase -Calcium
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Severe Increase -Calcium
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Erythrocytes are Red Blood Cells (RBC), which carry hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron and globular proteins and acts to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The RBC is normally produced in the bone marrow, but other sites of production, such as the spleen, may become evident in times of extreme need.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
The Hematocrit (HCT) test, also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), is the percentage of the blood that is made up by red blood cells.
38.3-56.5 %
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Hematocrit (PCV)
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
Increased Hematocrit (PCV)
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Hemoglobin is the substance within the red blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. In fact, the red blood cell can be thought of as just a bag of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin count is affected by the number of red blood cells and also the concentration of hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
13.4-20.7 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Normal Hemoglobin
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Increased Hemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
The Mean Cell Volume (MCV), is a measure of the average size of your pet's Red Blood Cells (RBC's).
59 - 76 fL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCV
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Normal MCV
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Increased MCV
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Each red cell is like a bag filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the chemical that carries oxygen to the tissues. The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell is indicated by the MCH, (Mean Cell Hemoglobin).
21.9-26.1 pg
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCH
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
Normal MCH
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCH
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of individual red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the substance within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. The concentration of hemoglobin within each cell is as important as the number of red blood cells when it comes to oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
32.6-39.2 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCHC
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Normal MCHC
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCHC
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
White Blood Cell Tests
There are five types of white blood cells in our bodies and the bodies of our pets. These white cells all play roles in the immune system response. They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Elevation or decreases in the number of each type of white blood cell can give us many clues about the health of your pet.
2.87-17.02 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -White Blood Cells
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
Moderate Decrease -White Blood Cells
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
Mild Decrease -White Blood Cells
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
Normal White Blood Cells
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -White Blood Cells
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Moderate Increase -White Blood Cells
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Severe Increase -White Blood Cells
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
Platelets are cell fragments created by the bone marrow and released into the general circulation to aid in the blood clotting process. Platelets are essential for blood clotting and serve like sticky dough balls to plug gaps in vessels.
151-600 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Platelet Count
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Mild Decrease -Platelet Count
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Normal Platelet Count
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Increased Platelet Count
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
This white blood cell is responsible for a large part of the surveillance of the body. It is very non-specific in its actions and any tissue destruction of any type be it bacterial, viral, parasitic or inflammatory will cause activation of the neutrophil. Neutrophils account for 85% of the white blood cells in the body. If their numbers are elevated then it usually means an active infection or inflammation is present.
2.94-12.67 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Neutrophil
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Moderate Decrease -Neutrophil
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Mild Decrease -Neutrophil
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
Normal Neutrophil
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -Neutrophil
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
Moderate Increase -Neutrophil
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
Severe Increase -Neutrophil
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia
is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
Monocytes contribute to the immune system in several ways. They help to remove damaged tissue and debris in severe disease processes. They also assist in antibody production by lymphocytes.
0.13-1.15 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Monocytes
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
Normal Monocytes
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Mild Increase -Monocytes
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
Moderate Increase -Monocytes
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
Severe Increase -Monocytes
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
Eosinophils participate in the immune reaction against parasites such as heartworms, fleas, hookworms and mange. Therefore in the presence of these diseases, the number of eosinophils in the blood will be elevated. Eosinophils are also active during allergic reactions. Therefore these cells will be elevated in the blood of pets with allergies.
0.07-1.49 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Eosinophils
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
Normal Eosinophils
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Eosinophils
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
Moderate Increase -Eosinophils
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Severe Increase -Eosinophils
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell which are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and also circulating in lymph and blood. There are two major types of lymphocyte which perform different roles in the immune system. T-Lymphocytes are responsible for killing viruses, killing cells infected with viruses and killing tumour type cells. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies which help prevent and fight many infectious diseases.
1.06-4.95 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Lymphocyte
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Decrease -Lymphocyte
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild Decrease -Lymphocyte
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Normal Lymphocytes
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Mild Increase -Lymphocyte
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
Moderate Increase -Lymphocyte
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
Severe Increase -Lymphocyte
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Basophils seem to function in a similar fashion as eosinophils because their numbers are elevated with the same disease reactions, yet very few basophils are found in the blood and they seem to be present only in severe cases of allergy or parasitism. Basophils contain the compounds histamine and heparin and during immune responses, these compounds are released. Histamine causes many of the respiratory symptoms of allergy and asthma.
0 - 0.1 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Basophils
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
Normal Basophils
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Increased Basophils
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
Total Body Function (Extended)
A Total Body Function is an extensive laboratory analysis of the blood. This test provides information regarding the status of infection, internal organ function, electrolyte balance, thyroid status, and red and white blood cell counts. This information is important to evaluate your pet's condition. This test includes screening for thyroid disease.The following is a description of each test involved. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask any of our healthcare team members.
Liver Function Tests
Total Protein
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Kidney Function Tests
SDMA
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
Pancreas Function Tests
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme which is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of food.
337-1,469 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Amylase
A decrease of amylase is very rarely clinically significant.
A decrease of amylase is very rarely clinically significant.
Normal Amylase
Your pet passed this test! No problem has been detected.
Your pet passed this test! No problem has been detected.
Mild Increase -Amylase
A mild increase of amylase may be due to poor appetite, gastrointestinal conditions or pancreatitis.
A mild increase of amylase may be due to poor appetite, gastrointestinal conditions or pancreatitis.
Severe Increase -Amylase
A severe increase of amylase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of amylase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Lipase
Lipase is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of fatty food. Lipase can be released into the blood stream when the pancreas is inflamed. Irritation of the pancreas causes the release of very powerful chemicals (which usually digest our food), into the tissues around the pancreas causing autodigestion of these tissues and subsequent inflammation and pain. Elevation of lipase in the blood, therefore, may be a sign of pancreatitis.
138-755 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Lipase
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Lipase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Lipase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Moderate Increase -Lipase
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
Severe Increase -Lipase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Routine Blood Screen STAT
A pet wellness screen is a blood test, which assesses the internal organ function that cannot be determined based on physical examination alone.A test with a STAT request implies its’ urgency of immediate attention and highest priority in an emergency, allowing quicker processing of results for diagnosis and treatment. Safari's laboratory is equipped to run samples STAT, meaning your pet does not have to wait 24 hours for potentially lifesaving results.
The following is a description of each test involved. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask any of our healthcare team members.
Liver Function Tests
An (AST) Aspartate Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), that usually lives only within the cells of the liver. When this chemical is found in the blood, it is an indication that severe damage to a certain number of liver cells has occurred. Elevations of this enzyme are more serious than the elevation of the ALT because the AST is a part of the inner-cellular machinery and usually cell death must occur before it leaks from the liver. AST is also found in muscle cells, and uncommonly, this test indicates muscle disease.
16 - 55 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal AST (SGOT)
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Mild Increase -AST (SGOT)
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -AST (SGOT)
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -AST (SGOT)
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
An (ALT) Alanine Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally lives in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of ALT within the plasma and elevations indicate liver disease but do not necessarily correlate with the degree of liver disease. A moderate increase in these levels may also be caused by administration of glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants without appreciable liver damage.
18-121 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALT (SGPT)
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Mild Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
An Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of Serum Amyloid P Component (SAP), within the plasma. The alkaline phosphatase test result is elevated when disease of the liver, and in particular the gall bladder, is present. Alkaline phosphatase is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants, however, this elevation does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Elevations of the alkaline phosphatase are also present and normal in young, growing pets. Excessive internal production of cortisol due to hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease) is a common cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase.
5 - 160 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALP
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Mild Increase -ALP
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALP
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALP
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is contained in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of GGT within the plasma. The GGT test result can be elevated with disease of the liver, and in particular, the gall bladder. GGT is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants. This elevation, however, does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Excessive internal production of cortisol is a common cause of elevated GGT, which is called hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease).
0 - 13 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal GGT
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Mild Increase -GGT
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
This is a test for the blood protein Albumin. Albumin is produced by the liver and is important for keeping water in the blood vessels and transporting certain chemicals in the blood.
2.7-3.9 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Albumin
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Normal Albumin
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
Increased Albumin
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
This is a test for the blood protein Globulin. Globulins (also known as antibodies), are an important part of the immune system and are involved in fighting off infections.
2.4-4.0 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Globulin
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Normal Globulin
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Increased Globulin
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
This is a test for blood bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is released when red blood cells are destroyed and is then processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and finally secreted into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and are then recycled (conjugated) by the liver.
0.0-0.3 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Total
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of direct bilirubin indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease, or bile duct disease. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice. Obstruction of the bile duct or gall bladder with stones or sludge, as well as moderate to severe inflammation of the liver, can cause elevation of bilirubin.
0.0-0.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Conjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Kidney Function Tests
The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of kidney function. Urea is produced through the breakdown of proteins and is excreted via the kidneys into the urine.
9 - 31 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased BUN
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Normal BUN
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
Mild Increase -BUN
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -BUN
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -BUN
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
This is a test for kidney function. Creatinine is an amino acid that is released into the blood at a constant rate from muscle cells and then filtered into the urine at a constant rate by the kidneys.
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Creatinine
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Normal Creatinine
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Creatinine
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -Creatinine
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -Creatinine
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
Electrolyte Function Tests
Sodium is an important electrolyte involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the total amount of fluid in the tissues and blood vessels.
142-152 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Sodium
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Sodium
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Increased Sodium
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps with normal muscle and nerve function.
4.0-5.4 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Potassium
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Potassium
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Mild Increase -Potassium
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Chloride is an electrolyte which is an important component of stomach acid (Hydrochloric acid).
108-119 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Chloride
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Normal Chloride
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Increased Chloride
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), is the end product of metabolism for the body. Normally, carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by blood, where it is exhaled. The carbon dioxide also forms bicarbonate, which is used to help maintain the correct acid/base environment in the body. This bicarbonate decreases when the body becomes more acid and increases when the body becomes more alkaline. Acid conditions are caused by severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, and any other severe illness. Alkaline conditions are caused by excessive panting (uncommon) or hydrochloric acid loss as a result of severe vomiting.
15-25 mmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Moderate Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Normal CO2
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Mild Increase -CO2
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Phosphorus
A decrease in phosphorus levels, referred to as hypophosphatemia, is uncommon. Basically, anything that causes an increase in calcium levels, could potentially cause a decrease in phosphorus levels; certain medications, a recent large meal or Cushing’s disease.
A decrease in phosphorus levels, referred to as hypophosphatemia, is uncommon. Basically, anything that causes an increase in calcium levels, could potentially cause a decrease in phosphorus levels; certain medications, a recent large meal or Cushing’s disease.
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus levels are normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus levels are normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus levels are seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Pancreas Function Tests
Cholesterol is an essential building block of many important chemicals and hormones of the body. It is the basic structure component of cortisol, estrogen, testosterone and many other chemicals. Cholesterol plaques do not occur in our pets because of their relatively short life span. Therefore, the concerns of cholesterol elevations in pets are not the same as they are in humans.
131-345 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Normal Cholesterol
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
Mild Increase -Cholesterol
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
Moderate Increase -Cholesterol
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
Severe Increase -Cholesterol
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
Blood glucose (a type of sugar), is the primary energy source for the body. Glucose enters the cells of the body with the help of (body producing) insulin and is an essential constituent of blood. If blood glucose values fall below normal your pet becomes weak, as it falls lower your pet may be very weak, exhibit tremors, seizures or coma; and if glucose falls very low for an extended time, it may be fatal. To determine blood glucose levels, a simple in-hospital test can be done using a small drop of blood (beneficial to kittens and puppies, as a large amount of blood is not required).
63-114 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Glucose
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can come on suddenly and include: loss of appetite, trembling, weakness, increased urination and thirst, cold-white gums (vs. warm, pink gums), behavioral changes, lack of energy, response time and coordination; as well as involuntary twitching, seizures and partial paralysis of hindquarters. Severe hypoglycemia, if left untreated, will ultimately affect brain functions, organs and eventually lead to unconsciousness followed by death (severe symptoms are also seen with insulin overdose).
Causes
Hypoglycemia is known to be caused by liver inflammation or cancer, Portosystemic shunt, prolonged vigorous exercise, malnutrition, artificial sweetener toxicity, over administration of insulin, and elapsed meal time in kittens, puppies and notably toy (small) breeds.
Diagnosis
In addition to a physical exam and blood glucose test, we may recommend additional tests to rule out and/or determine the underlying cause. Specifically, liver, kidney and pancreas blood tests may be performed to evaluate organ function. Other related blood test and a urinalysis may also be needed for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Puppy Hypoglycemia
Puppies are highly susceptible to hypoglycemia; especially small breed and toy breed pups. The reason being, they have less muscle mass compared to that of a large breed dog; therefore, it is harder for their body to maintain proper glucose levels. Regular meal times are imperative, because missing just one meal can bring on a sudden episode of hypoglycemia in a puppy. The signs to look for include lethargic, trembling, stumbling and non-responsiveness. You need to immediately give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (repeating once or twice). You should begin to see improvement in a few minutes, if you do not, then you need to seek veterinary care immediately!
Insulin Overdose | Caring for your diabetic pet
One of the main causes of hypoglycemia in diabetic pets is inadvertently over administration of insulin. To prevent the possibility of double dosing, it’s a good idea for only one family member to be in charge of administering insulin to your pet. It is important to administer the insulin at the same time(s) each day; scheduling at meal time is a good way to remember. Missing a dose is insignificant, but overdosing can be fatal! Watch for the warning signs as they can come on quickly: stumbling (as if drunk), muscle tremors, weakness, nervousness, unusual behavior, anxiety and pupil dilation. If your pet is experiencing these signs, immediately feed your pet! If your pet will not eat, you need to give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (you can also do this if your pet is unconscious). You can repeat this process by giving them more honey/syrup, but do not give them insulin, this could result in death! In the event of unconsciousness and your pet responds, feed him/her right away and seek veterinary care. If your pet does not respond at all after giving him/her honey or syrup, seek veterinary care immediately! In the event your pet has remained conscious, yet with symptoms, as soon as they are alert and able, feed them a meal of their regular food.
Normal Glucose
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Increased Glucose
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
Muscles and Bones Tests
Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK), also referred to as Creatine Kinase (CK), is an enzyme found in normal muscle cells. This is a test for muscle damage. It can be elevated after extreme exertion, trauma or from toxins such as those found in snake venoms.
10-200 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased CPK
Not clinically significant
Not clinically significant
Normal CPK
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
This indicates that your pet has not recently suffered any muscle damage.
Mild Increase -CPK
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
A mild increase in CPK may indicate minor muscle damage, which is usually not significant.
Moderate Increase -CPK
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
A moderate increase in CPK can indicate significant muscle damage from trauma, infection, tumor or toxic insult. Excessive exercise may also cause a transient moderate elevation in the CPK. Additional tests to help determine the cause may be indicated.
Severe Increase -CPK
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
A severe increase in CPK may indicate severe trauma, disease of the muscles, heat stroke, seizures or snake bite. Additional tests may be required to determine the cause.
Calcium is a mineral which is necessary for proper muscle contraction, proper bone formation and proper kidney function as well as many other functions of the body.
8.4-11.8 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Calcium
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Decreased blood calcium is a common finding in nursing females. The calcium demands of milk production are severe and are often difficult for the body to supply. Low calcium in this case is called eclampsia and is life threatening. Animals with eclampsia require intravenous calcium treatment. In animals which are not nursing, further tests may be required to determine the cause.
The most common cause of low calcium (hypocalcemia) in normal appearing pets is low serum albumin levels (hypoproteinemia), which needs to be evaluated. Repeating the blood tests in 2 weeks is recommended.
Normal Calcium
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Your pet's calcium levels are being regulated normally.
Mild Increase -Calcium
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
A mild increase in calcium can be normal for young animals but may indicate a problem in adult animals. Further testing will be recommended if necessary.
Moderate Increase -Calcium
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A moderate increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Severe Increase -Calcium
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
A severe increase in calcium are most commonly the result of tumor growth and your pet should be evaluated for the presence of enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal masses. Radiographs and ultrasound may be required to rule out the possibility of cancer. If no underlying cause can be found, laboratory evaluation of the parathyroid gland with a PHT test should be undertaken. The parathyroid gland regulates the deposition and removal of calcium to and from the bones.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Erythrocytes are Red Blood Cells (RBC), which carry hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron and globular proteins and acts to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The RBC is normally produced in the bone marrow, but other sites of production, such as the spleen, may become evident in times of extreme need.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
The Hematocrit (HCT) test, also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), is the percentage of the blood that is made up by red blood cells.
38.3-56.5 %
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Hematocrit (PCV)
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
Increased Hematocrit (PCV)
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Hemoglobin is the substance within the red blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. In fact, the red blood cell can be thought of as just a bag of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin count is affected by the number of red blood cells and also the concentration of hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
13.4-20.7 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Normal Hemoglobin
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Increased Hemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
The Mean Cell Volume (MCV), is a measure of the average size of your pet's Red Blood Cells (RBC's).
59 - 76 fL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCV
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Normal MCV
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Increased MCV
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Each red cell is like a bag filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the chemical that carries oxygen to the tissues. The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell is indicated by the MCH, (Mean Cell Hemoglobin).
21.9-26.1 pg
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCH
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
Normal MCH
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCH
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of individual red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the substance within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. The concentration of hemoglobin within each cell is as important as the number of red blood cells when it comes to oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
32.6-39.2 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCHC
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Normal MCHC
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCHC
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
White Blood Cell Tests
There are five types of white blood cells in our bodies and the bodies of our pets. These white cells all play roles in the immune system response. They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Elevation or decreases in the number of each type of white blood cell can give us many clues about the health of your pet.
2.87-17.02 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -White Blood Cells
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
Moderate Decrease -White Blood Cells
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
Mild Decrease -White Blood Cells
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
Normal White Blood Cells
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -White Blood Cells
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Moderate Increase -White Blood Cells
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Severe Increase -White Blood Cells
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
Platelets are cell fragments created by the bone marrow and released into the general circulation to aid in the blood clotting process. Platelets are essential for blood clotting and serve like sticky dough balls to plug gaps in vessels.
151-600 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Platelet Count
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Mild Decrease -Platelet Count
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Normal Platelet Count
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Increased Platelet Count
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
This white blood cell is responsible for a large part of the surveillance of the body. It is very non-specific in its actions and any tissue destruction of any type be it bacterial, viral, parasitic or inflammatory will cause activation of the neutrophil. Neutrophils account for 85% of the white blood cells in the body. If their numbers are elevated then it usually means an active infection or inflammation is present.
2.94-12.67 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Neutrophil
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Moderate Decrease -Neutrophil
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Mild Decrease -Neutrophil
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
Normal Neutrophil
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -Neutrophil
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
Moderate Increase -Neutrophil
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
Severe Increase -Neutrophil
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia
is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
Monocytes contribute to the immune system in several ways. They help to remove damaged tissue and debris in severe disease processes. They also assist in antibody production by lymphocytes.
0.13-1.15 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Monocytes
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
Normal Monocytes
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Mild Increase -Monocytes
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
Moderate Increase -Monocytes
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
Severe Increase -Monocytes
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
Eosinophils participate in the immune reaction against parasites such as heartworms, fleas, hookworms and mange. Therefore in the presence of these diseases, the number of eosinophils in the blood will be elevated. Eosinophils are also active during allergic reactions. Therefore these cells will be elevated in the blood of pets with allergies.
0.07-1.49 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Eosinophils
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
Normal Eosinophils
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Eosinophils
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
Moderate Increase -Eosinophils
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Severe Increase -Eosinophils
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell which are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and also circulating in lymph and blood. There are two major types of lymphocyte which perform different roles in the immune system. T-Lymphocytes are responsible for killing viruses, killing cells infected with viruses and killing tumour type cells. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies which help prevent and fight many infectious diseases.
1.06-4.95 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Lymphocyte
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Decrease -Lymphocyte
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild Decrease -Lymphocyte
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Normal Lymphocytes
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Mild Increase -Lymphocyte
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
Moderate Increase -Lymphocyte
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
Severe Increase -Lymphocyte
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Basophils seem to function in a similar fashion as eosinophils because their numbers are elevated with the same disease reactions, yet very few basophils are found in the blood and they seem to be present only in severe cases of allergy or parasitism. Basophils contain the compounds histamine and heparin and during immune responses, these compounds are released. Histamine causes many of the respiratory symptoms of allergy and asthma.
0 - 0.1 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Basophils
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
Normal Basophils
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Increased Basophils
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
Total Body Function STAT
A Total Body Function is an extensive laboratory analysis of the blood. This test provides information regarding the status of infection, internal organ function, electrolyte balance, thyroid status, and red and white blood cell counts. This information is important to evaluate your pet's condition. This test includes screening for thyroid disease.A test with a STAT request implies its’ urgency of immediate attention and highest priority in an emergency, allowing quicker processing of results for diagnosis and treatment. Safari's laboratory is equipped to run samples STAT, meaning your pet does not have to wait 24 hours for potentially lifesaving results.
The following is a description of each test involved. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask any of our healthcare team members.
Liver Function Tests
Total Protein
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition known as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Kidney Function Tests
SDMA
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
Pancreas Function Tests
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme which is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of food.
337-1,469 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Amylase
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
Normal Amylase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Amylase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Severe Increase -Amylase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Lipase
Lipase is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of fatty food. Lipase can be released into the blood stream when the pancreas is inflamed. Irritation of the pancreas causes the release of very powerful chemicals (which usually digest our food), into the tissues around the pancreas causing autodigestion of these tissues and subsequent inflammation and pain. Elevation of lipase in the blood, therefore, may be a sign of pancreatitis.
138-755 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Lipase
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Lipase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Lipase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Moderate Increase -Lipase
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
Severe Increase -Lipase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Red Blood Cell Tests
Reticulocyte Count
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Electrolyte STAT
Additional Electrolyte values for inhouse testing protocol.A test with a STAT request implies its’ urgency of immediate attention and highest priority in an emergency, allowing quicker processing of results for diagnosis and treatment. Safari's laboratory is equipped to run samples STAT, meaning your pet does not have to wait 24 hours for potentially lifesaving results.
ACTH Stimulation
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), also referred to as Corticotropin, is a hormone that is released from the pituitary gland to stimulate the natural production of cortisol. ACTH stimulation is performed to test the level of production of cortisol by the adrenal gland.This is a provocative test where blood is drawn prior to the ACTH injection for the baseline value. Then, ACTH is injected and blood tests are collected at different intervals to determine the response of the adrenal gland. Excessive cortisol production causes Cushing's disease and low cortisol production is called Addison's disease.
– – – – –
Possible Results:
Addison's Disease
Addison's disease is the result of reduced production of cortisol and a reduced response of your pet's body to normal levels of stress. The ACTH test is designed to stimulate cortisol production and your pet's production is below normal.
Cushing's Negative
ACTH stimulation is performed to test the level of production of cortisol by the adrenal gland. An excessive cortisol production causes Cushing's disease. The test results on your pet returned NEGATIVE for the presence of Cushing's disease. Additional tests may be recommended to determine the cause of your pet's problems.
Cushing's Positive
ACTH stimulation is performed to test the level of production of cortisol by the adrenal gland. An excessive cortisol production causes Cushing's disease. The test results on your pet returned POSITIVE for the presence of Cushing's disease. Additional tests may be recommended to determine the type of Cushing's disease so that a therapeutic plan can be formulated.
Inconclusive
The test results on your pet returned INCONCLUSIVE for the presence of Cushing's disease. Additional tests may be recommended and this test may need to be repeated in six months.
Blood Glucose Curve
Your diabetic pet will require blood glucose curves weekly during the initial insulin regulation, followed by curves every 3 to 4 months during the year, after regulation is achieved. The goals of performing this test cannot be achieved with a single, or even two or three glucose determinations, but can be achieved by hourly testing during the time the insulin is affecting your pet. We will check for insulin effectiveness, glucose peak, glucose nadir, and insulin duration during this test. This test will then be used to make recommendations about changes in therapy.Buffy Coat Smear
This is a microscopic examination of the centrifuged, concentrated white blood cells to look for mast cells, which secret a substance that causes secretion of gastric acid. A mast cell tumor is a malignancy that can present with signs of vomiting with blood.Cardiopet NTproBNP
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is released from the heart muscles (ventricles), when they are undergoing increased volume and filling pressures. BNP particularly the N-terminal portion of proBNP (NTproBNP), is a sensitive marker of congestive heart failure and predictor of outcome. This test is very important in helping to distinguish the difference between a pet with heart disease versus some other disease such as respiratory disease.CBC
A CBC (Complete Blood Count), is a routine blood test used to measure and evaluate all 3 cell types: Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC) and Platelets. The results provide indepth information about the number of cells, their size and shape, and appearance.Red Blood Cell Tests
Erythrocytes are Red Blood Cells (RBC), which carry hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron and globular proteins and acts to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The RBC is normally produced in the bone marrow, but other sites of production, such as the spleen, may become evident in times of extreme need.
5.39-8.7 M/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction of RBC by the pet's own immune system, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, kidney disease or chronic infection, may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause and to develop a treatment plan. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to an increased utilization of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia include losses from parasites, such as fleas or intestinal worms, other causes of hemorrhage, as well as reduced production of RBC from the bone marrow caused by kidney disease or chronic infection. Iron deficiency is also a major cause of anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. If the anemia persists, then additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Red Blood Cells
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to an increased loss of red blood cells or a reduced production of red blood cells. Iron deficiency is a major cause of mild anemia and an iron supplement is recommended at this time. Blood loss due to fleas or intestinal parasites is also common. If the anemia persists, additional testing may be necessary.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Red Blood Cells
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Your pet passed this test! Normal red blood cells indicate that your pet is not anemic.
Mild Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of mild polycythemia is mild dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Mild dehydration can occur from panting due to nervousness, reluctance to drink water in a kennel environment or a hot ride in the car to the vet. Mild polycythemia may also be normal in certain athletic breeds, such as greyhounds or in dogs that have difficulty breathing, such as English Bulldogs.
Moderate Increase -Red Blood Cells
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
An increased number of red blood cells is termed polycythemia. The most common cause of moderate polycythemia is moderate dehydration. When fluid is lost from the blood, the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood increases. Moderate dehydration of this type occurs from severe diarrhea, heat prostration, water deprivation and excessive urine production; coupled with decreased water intake. The underlying cause should be investigated immediately, so a treatment plan can be developed.
Severe Increase -Red Blood Cells
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
A servere increase in red blood cells, although very uncommon, is an indication of severe polycythemia. Severe polycythemia is associated with excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The most common cause of polycythemia is excessive production of a hormone called erythropoietin. The kidney normally produces this hormone. Certain rare tumors of the kidney may cause an increase production of erythropoietin that causes increased production of RBC. Pets with illnesses that cause poor oxygen transfer across the lung tissue to the blood may also have polycythemia. In this condition the body is trying to increase the oxygen to the tissues by making more RBC to carry the oxygen.
The Hematocrit (HCT) test, also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV), is the percentage of the blood that is made up by red blood cells.
38.3-56.5 %
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A severe decrease (extremely fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates severe anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of anemia of this magnitude include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression may also cause severe anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause. Hospitalisation and possibly a blood transfusion may be required.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Moderate Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A moderate decrease (markedly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates moderate anemia. This may be due to increased destruction of red blood cells, hemorrhage or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of moderate anemia include losses from internal hemorrhage, autoimmune destruction, toxicity or severe parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause moderate anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Mild Decrease -Hematocrit (PCV)
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
A mild decrease (slightly fewer red blood cells than normal), indicates mild anemia. This may be due to increased utilization of red blood cells or reduced production of red blood cells. Common causes of mild anemia include bleeding, autoimmune destruction and parasite infestations, such as fleas or intestinal worms. Reduced red blood cell production from bone marrow suppression, chronic illness and kidney disease may also cause mild anemia. Additional testing may be necessary to determine the exact cause.
There are two main types of anemia in dogs. Regenerative Anemia and Non-Regenerative Anemia
Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. This is a good response to anemia and is termed a regenerative anemia.
Non-Regenerative Anemia
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Red blood cell loss stimulates the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells at an increased rate. This increased production results in a higher percentage of younger red blood cells in the circulation than normal. If this response is not occurring as expected, the anemia is termed non-regenerative. We commonly see non-regenerative anemia in pets with severe kidney disease. The kidneys produce a hormone, erythropoietin, that stimulates production of new RBCs, if the kidney disease is severe, then this hormone is no longer produced. In absence of kidney disease, a bone marrow evaluation may be recommended to determine why no new red blood cells are being produced.
Normal Hematocrit (PCV)
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
This shows that your pet has a normal amount of red blood cells.
Increased Hematocrit (PCV)
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hematocrit is usually due to dehydration.
Hemoglobin is the substance within the red blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs, then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. In fact, the red blood cell can be thought of as just a bag of hemoglobin. The hemoglobin count is affected by the number of red blood cells and also the concentration of hemoglobin within the red blood cells.
13.4-20.7 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration may be the result of anemia or may indicate an iron deficiency. Further testing may be required to monitor this condition.
Normal Hemoglobin
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Your pet's red blood cells have adequate hemoglobin for oxygen transport to the tissues.
Increased Hemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
Increased hemoglobin is usually due to dehydration.
The Mean Cell Volume (MCV), is a measure of the average size of your pet's Red Blood Cells (RBC's).
59 - 76 fL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCV
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Decreased red blood cell size may indicate iron deficiency.
Normal MCV
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Red blood cell size is normal, indicating normal production and maturation of red blood cells.
Increased MCV
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Increased red blood cell size often indicates more young red blood cells, which have been produced as a result of anemia.
Each red cell is like a bag filled with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the chemical that carries oxygen to the tissues. The average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell is indicated by the MCH, (Mean Cell Hemoglobin).
21.9-26.1 pg
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCH
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
A decreased MCH usually indicates iron deficiency and the need for iron supplementation.
Normal MCH
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal level of MCH, indicating a normal amount of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCH
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
An increased MCH is an indication of poorly oxygenated blood.
The Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), is a measure of the oxygen carrying capacity of individual red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the substance within red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs then releases the oxygen to the tissues as the blood circulates. The concentration of hemoglobin within each cell is as important as the number of red blood cells when it comes to oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
32.6-39.2 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased MCHC
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Decreased hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of iron deficiency, since iron is essential for the manufacture of hemoglobin. We recommend putting your pet on an iron supplement for 30 days, then retesting the blood count at that time. A high quality food, such as Hill's Science Diet®, is also recommended.
Normal MCHC
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Your pet has a normal concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
Increased MCHC
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
An increasd hemoglobin concentration could be due to the blood sample taken too soon after your pet has eaten, or other substance interference, resulting in a falsely increased reading.
Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells produced by the bone marrow and then released into the blood. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that will determine if your pet’s body is responding to an anemic situation and to classify the anemia as regenerative anemia or non-regenerative anemia. Your pet’s body responds to anemia (a lack of red blood cells), by increasing production of reticulocytes to replenish the body with oxygen that it is lacking due to this episode.
10-110 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Reticulocyte Count
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Your pet is not experiencing anemia. A low reticulocyte count within the normal range is expected in a non-anemic pet.
Increased Reticulocyte Count
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
Increased reticulocytes in an anemic pet can be a response to severe bleeding (externally or internally); or red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), due to an immune system disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells, therefore, must continuously work to produce more reticulocytes.
Increased reticulocytes in a non-anemic pet is due to extreme exercise, excitement or the medication epinephrine.
White Blood Cell Tests
There are five types of white blood cells in our bodies and the bodies of our pets. These white cells all play roles in the immune system response. They are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Elevation or decreases in the number of each type of white blood cell can give us many clues about the health of your pet.
2.87-17.02 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -White Blood Cells
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
A severe decrease in white blood cells may indicate bone marrow disease. Further tests and bone marrow biopsy may be required to determine the type of disease present.
Moderate Decrease -White Blood Cells
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
A moderate decrease in white blood cells is of concern and will need to be evaluated further.
Mild Decrease -White Blood Cells
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
A mild decrease in white blood cells may indicate disease in some animals. Further testing may be recommended in some cases.
Normal White Blood Cells
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Your pet's white blood cell count is within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -White Blood Cells
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A mild increase in the white blood cell count may indicate mild infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Moderate Increase -White Blood Cells
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
A moderate increase in the white blood cell count indicates that the body may be responding to infection or inflammation. The type of cell that is elevated should tell us more about what kind of response is present.
Severe Increase -White Blood Cells
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
A severe increase in white blood cells often indicate that the body is responding to a severe infection or inflammation and occasionally indicates leukaemia. The type of white cell involved will help us determine how to interpret this data.
Platelets are cell fragments created by the bone marrow and released into the general circulation to aid in the blood clotting process. Platelets are essential for blood clotting and serve like sticky dough balls to plug gaps in vessels.
151-600 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Severe Decrease -Platelet Count
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia), may cause internal bleeding and is of great concern. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Mild Decrease -Platelet Count
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Mildly decreased platelet numbers may not be of serious concern unless persistent. Platelets are produced very rapidly and we recommend repeating the test in 3 days.
Normal Platelet Count
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Your pet has a normal amount of platelets at this time.
Increased Platelet Count
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
Increased platelets are rarely a concern unless persistent. Possible reasons for increased platelets could be due to increased levels of epinephrine in the blood, causing splenic contraction and stored platelets in the spleen to be released, or during exercise. Other causes could be due to sudden blood loss, surgery, trauma, infection or Cushing's disease.
This white blood cell is responsible for a large part of the surveillance of the body. It is very non-specific in its actions and any tissue destruction of any type be it bacterial, viral, parasitic or inflammatory will cause activation of the neutrophil. Neutrophils account for 85% of the white blood cells in the body. If their numbers are elevated then it usually means an active infection or inflammation is present.
2.94-12.67 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Neutrophil
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A severe decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed severe neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause for this neutropenia. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Moderate Decrease -Neutrophil
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
A moderate decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed moderate neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. Bone marrow evaluation may be required to help determine if the bone marrow is able to produce adequate numbers of these cells.
Mild Decrease -Neutrophil
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
A mild decrease in the amount of neutrophils is termed mild neutropenia. This can be an indication of excessive usage in severe infection or reduced bone marrow production of neutrophils. Additional tests may be necessary to determine if this is a normal finding for your pet or a serious concern. If your pet is not showing any signs of disease at this time, we recommend retesting in one week to confirm the diagnosis, before advancing to other diagnostic tests.
Normal Neutrophil
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
A normal amount of neutrophils means that there is no sign of infection or inflammation in your pet at this time.
Mild Increase -Neutrophil
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
A mild increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has mild Neutrophilia. Mild Neutrophilia can be due to excitement or may be caused by low grade infections or inflammation. You will be advised if further testing is required.
Moderate Increase -Neutrophil
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
A moderate increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
moderate Neutrophilia. Moderate Neutrophilia
is usually due to bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics may be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation will be important in the management of this disease.
Severe Increase -Neutrophil
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
A severe increase in the amount of neutrophils means that your pet has
severe Neutrophilia. Severe Neutrophilia
is usually due to severe bacterial infection or inflammation. Antibiotics will be recommended and identification of the source of infection or inflammation, if not already known, will be important in the management of this disease.
Monocytes contribute to the immune system in several ways. They help to remove damaged tissue and debris in severe disease processes. They also assist in antibody production by lymphocytes.
0.13-1.15 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Monocytes
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
A decreased number of monocytes is termed monocytopenia. This finding is uncommon and not usually a concern unless associated with bone marrow suppression. Persistent Monocytopenia, in the absence of overt illness in your pet, may require a bone marrow biopsy.
Normal Monocytes
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Your pet's monocytes are within the normal range, meaning there is no sign of chronic infection or inflammation in your pet.
Mild Increase -Monocytes
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
A mildly increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed mild monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. Further testing may be required.
Moderate Increase -Monocytes
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
A moderately increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed moderate monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some moderately severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Typical infections with moderate monocytosis include chronic skin or ear infections, dental disease or heartworms. Further testing may be required to identify the underlying cause.
Severe Increase -Monocytes
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
A severely increased number of monocytes in your pet's blood is termed severe monocytosis. These cells are increased in times of tissue damage and inflammation. It is likely that your pet has some severe or chronic infection that requires attention at this time. This infection may be in any organ and will have been present for more than two or three weeks. Additional tests such as radiographs or ultrasound may be required to determine the cause.
Eosinophils participate in the immune reaction against parasites such as heartworms, fleas, hookworms and mange. Therefore in the presence of these diseases, the number of eosinophils in the blood will be elevated. Eosinophils are also active during allergic reactions. Therefore these cells will be elevated in the blood of pets with allergies.
0.07-1.49 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Eosinophils
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
A decrease in the eosinophil count, termed eosinopenia, is most likely due to stress. Additional testing and therapy is not usually recommended unless there are other signs of illness.
Normal Eosinophils
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! The number of eosinophils is normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Eosinophils
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
A mild increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, may be a normal finding, particularly if your pet is not experiencing any signs of illness. We recommend repeating the test in one month to determine if this count is persistent.
Moderate Increase -Eosinophils
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A moderate increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying allergic or parasitic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Severe Increase -Eosinophils
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
A severe increase in the eosinophil count, termed eosinophilia, indicates the need to explore the underlying cause for possible allergic, parasitic or neoplastic disease that may be present in your pet. Additional tests may be necessary, such as fecal examinations, allergy testing or hormonal assays.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell which are found in lymph nodes, spleen, and also circulating in lymph and blood. There are two major types of lymphocyte which perform different roles in the immune system. T-Lymphocytes are responsible for killing viruses, killing cells infected with viruses and killing tumour type cells. B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies which help prevent and fight many infectious diseases.
1.06-4.95 K/µL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -Lymphocyte
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Severely decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, bone marrow disease, certain infections or drug side effects. Additional tests, such as bone marrow biopsy, may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Decrease -Lymphocyte
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Moderately decreased lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be an indication of severe stress, reduced production or administration of corticosteroids. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild Decrease -Lymphocyte
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Mild decreases in lymphocyte numbers, termed lymphocytopenia, may be normal and are usually the result of stress, pain or excitement. Administration of corticosteroids may also cause lymphocytopenia. We recommend retesting within one week to determine if this finding is persistent.
Normal Lymphocytes
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of lymphocytes in the blood.
Mild Increase -Lymphocyte
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
A mild increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by the stress of blood collection and may be normal. Mild elevations can also be seen as a normal response to mild infections.
Moderate Increase -Lymphocyte
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
A moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be seen as a normal response to infections. Moderate elevations should be evaluated again within one week for changes. Persistent elevations require further testing.
Severe Increase -Lymphocyte
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Severe increases in the number of lymphocytes, termed lymphocytosis, can be caused by an intense immune response or leukaemia. Further testing, such as bone marrow biopsy or biopsy of a lymph node may be required to see if leukaemia is present.
Basophils seem to function in a similar fashion as eosinophils because their numbers are elevated with the same disease reactions, yet very few basophils are found in the blood and they seem to be present only in severe cases of allergy or parasitism. Basophils contain the compounds histamine and heparin and during immune responses, these compounds are released. Histamine causes many of the respiratory symptoms of allergy and asthma.
0 - 0.1 K/µL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Basophils
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
A decrease in basophil counts is normal. The normal range begins at zero and zero basophils are likely in normal blood samples.
Normal Basophils
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Your pet passed this test! Basophils are not normally present in the blood.
Increased Basophils
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
A increase in basophil counts usually indicate severe parasitism, such as heartworm disease or severe allergies. Additional tests are recommended to confirm this elevation as well as to determine the exact cause.
Culture and Sensitivity
The Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) test is used to determine the type of bacteria present in an infection and the appropriate antibiotic needed to kill the bacteria.First (Culture): The sample (possibly) containing bacteria is isolated and grown in a culture medium.
Second (Sensitivity): Different antibiotics are tested against the bacteria growth to rule out the least effective and determine the most effective antibiotic for treatment.
Normal Culture: There was no bacteria growth in the sample provided, therefore, there is no need for antibiotic treatment.
Cytology
Cytology is the study of cells. This test can be performed in our hospital or may be sent to an outside lab. Cytology can help determine the underlying cause of a lesion and is an invaluable aid in the diagnosis of your pet.Titer
A titer is a test to determine protective antibody levels or degree of exposure to a disease. We usually use antibody titers to measure the effectiveness of vaccination to diseases such as Canine Distemper. We will recommend this test when we are considering whether to vaccinate your pet or not based on your pet's titer or level of protection. Recently some universities have been recommending a three-year vaccination interval for Distemper and there is evidence that the immunization may be good for this period.A vaccine titer is a blood test that measures the antibody level a dog is carrying against a certain virus. This test will ensure that the immunization may be good for three years. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
*We recommend vaccinating after three (3) years.
There are two methods of measuring antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood) must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective:
Hemagglutination Inhibition: > or =1:80
Serum Neutralization: > or =1:20
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
DTM Testing
DTM Testing is the abbreviation for Dermatophyte Test Media. This is a special growth media used to determine if your pet has ringworm. Ringworm is a fungus that will grow in the DTM media. A small sample of your pet's hair is collected from the area of the lesion and placed on the media. The media will change color when a pathogenic (disease causing) variety of fungus is grown. This test may require five to twenty days to complete.– – – – –
Results:
Positive
The fungus causing ringworm DID grow from the sample of your pet's hair.
Negative
The fungus causing ringworm did NOT grow from the sample of your pet's hair.
Fructosamine
Fructosamine is useful for monitoring the response to therapy in diabetic patients because persistent changes in glucose are reflected more rapidly. The fructosamine is a reflection of the level of control of your pet's diabetic condition. If the value is above normal then further more specific tests such as a glucose curve may be recommended.
177-314 µmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Fructosamine
A decrease in fructosamine could be due to prolonged hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism or insulin overdose.
A decrease in fructosamine could be due to prolonged hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism or insulin overdose.
Normal Fructosamine
Your pet passed this test; fructosamine levels are within the normal range value.
Your pet passed this test; fructosamine levels are within the normal range value.
Increased Fructosamine
An increase in fructosamine is due to diabetes mellitus, hemolysis (certain methodologies) or insulin overdose (with Somogyi rebound effect).
An increase in fructosamine is due to diabetes mellitus, hemolysis (certain methodologies) or insulin overdose (with Somogyi rebound effect).
Fructosamine levels in diabetic cats and dogs
300 - 350 excellent glycemic control350 - 400 good
400 - 450 fair
over 450 poor (not enough insulin)
less 250 prolonged hypoglycemia (too much insulin)
High dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
This is a test that is done in pets with Cushing's disease that have high cortisone levels. The high cortisone levels may be from disease of the pituitary gland or disease of the adrenal gland. A high dose of dexamethasone will cause the cortisone to decrease in the case of pituitary disease and will not cause cortisone to decrease in the case of adrenal disease. If the values suggest adrenal disease, an ultrasound may be recommended.Histopathology
Histopathology is the study of the function and structure of tissues as they are affected by disease on a minute, cellular level. Biopsy material is taken and sent to a reference laboratory for preparation and fixation. A board certified histopathologist will examine the cells and architecture of the tissue to render a diagnostic impression of the disease process in your pet. A written report will follow within several days. Additional treatment, if needed, will be based on these results.Modified Water Deprivation Test
Rule out other causes of polyuria and polydipsia (especially hyperadrenocorticism). Begin water restriction 3 days before abrupt water deprivation.Day1: 130-165ml/kg/day
Day2: 100-125ml/kg/day
Day3: 65-70ml/kg/day
The morning of the fourth day, discontinue food and water; Start the test. Weigh the patient and empty the bladder. Weigh at 1-2 hour intervals. Monitor carefully for dehydration and depression. When 5% of body weight is lost or azotemia develops, empty the bladder and check urine specific gravity. Consider plasma vasopressin determination at this point.
If the urine specific gravity is > 1/025 stop the test; the patient does not have diabetes insipidus.
If the urine specific gravity is not > 1.025 administer 0.55U/kg aqueous vasopressin IM up to 5U.
Empty the bladder and check urine specific gravity at 30, 60 and 120 minutes post-administration. If urine specific gravity increases < 10%, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is indicated. If it increases 10-50%, partial central diabetes insipidus is indicated, if it increases 50-800% complete central diabetes insipidus is indicated.
Parvovirus Tests
Parvovirus Fecal Test
The parvovirus test is when a sample of feces is taken to determine the presence of the parvovirus in the pet's stool.
Parvovirus Titer
A Parvovirus Titer test is used to measure the antibody level your pet is carrying against the Parvovirus.
There are two methods of measuring parvovirus antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood), must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective: Hemagglutination Inhibition titer of 1:80 or more. Serum Neutralization titer of 1:20 or more.
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
Many veterinarians do not feel it is useful to run titers until this issue is resolved (i.e. there is more to protection than an antibody level; there is an entire immune system involved and there is no simple way to assess the entire immune system).
Some clients find it cost ineffective to recommend titers prior to vaccination (it costs a great deal more to run the titer than to simply give the vaccination. If the titer is adequate, the worst possible outcome is that the vaccine will be ineffective).
Other clients question whether or not it is harmless to give annual vaccinations when there is already adequate immunity present.
At this time there is no single answer to this issue and we recommend discussing this issue with us to determine what is best for your pet.
There are two methods of measuring parvovirus antibody titer: Hemagglutination Inhibition and Serum Neutralization. The value refers to how diluted the dog's serum (blood), must be for the antibody to still be detectable. Based on work at Cornell University, the following titer levels are generally considered protective: Hemagglutination Inhibition titer of 1:80 or more. Serum Neutralization titer of 1:20 or more.
There is a great deal of controversy regarding whether or not a certain level of antibody can be considered tantamount to protection.
Many veterinarians do not feel it is useful to run titers until this issue is resolved (i.e. there is more to protection than an antibody level; there is an entire immune system involved and there is no simple way to assess the entire immune system).
Some clients find it cost ineffective to recommend titers prior to vaccination (it costs a great deal more to run the titer than to simply give the vaccination. If the titer is adequate, the worst possible outcome is that the vaccine will be ineffective).
Other clients question whether or not it is harmless to give annual vaccinations when there is already adequate immunity present.
At this time there is no single answer to this issue and we recommend discussing this issue with us to determine what is best for your pet.
Parvo Vaccines
Three Year Parvo Vaccine
We recommend a Parvovirus Booster vaccination for your pet every three years. Recently some universities have been recommending a three-year vaccination interval for parvovirus. The immunization may be good for this period. Vaccine titers (blood tests of immunity), ensure this is the case in each individual pet. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last for several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
*We recommend a Parvovirus Booster vaccination for all pets at risk, e.g. outdoor pets and pets that will come in contact with other animals.
*We recommend a Parvovirus Booster vaccination for all pets at risk, e.g. outdoor pets and pets that will come in contact with other animals.
Yearly Parvo Vaccine
We recommend a Parvovirus Booster vaccination for your pet every year, particularly for all pets at risk, e.g. outdoor pets and pets that will come in contact with other animals. Yearly re-vaccination is also recommended by the vaccine manufacturer and FDA, however, recent evidence suggests that adult pets have longer immunity and that revaccination on an every other year or every three year basis may be adequate. Recently, some universities have been recommending a three-year vaccination interval for parvovirus. The immunization may be good for this period. Vaccine titers (blood tests of immunity), ensure this is the case in each individual pet. However, most pets seem to develop a good immunity that can last for several years when vaccinated appropriately as a puppy.
Phenobarbital Level
Phenobarbital administration must be individualized for your pet. We recommend achieving a steady state of the medication by dosing your pet for thirty days. This is followed by testing to determine the blood level of phenobarbital in your pet. We recommend this testing twice a year while your pet is on phenobarbital.Thyroid Test
Thyroid testing is performed because the thyroid is an important gland responsible for the level of metabolic activity of the body. Hyperthyroidism is common in older pets (in particular cats) and is the cause of high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart disease. Occasionally, low-circulating blood thyroid hormone can be associated with slow heart rates and first-degree heart block.The thyroid gland regulates the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal tissue formation. The skin is the most rapidly dividing tissue and, therefore, many skin diseases may be caused or worsened by abnormal thyroid function.
Low thyroid hormone is the most common hormonal cause of skin and ear disease in dogs. Thyroid involvement should be suspected in any pet with both skin and ear disease, as well as any ear disease that involves excessive wax production.
The Thyroid (T4) Test is a test that evaluates thyroid function. Hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4); T4 being the primary hormone produced in response to stimulation by the pituitary gland.
1 - 4 µg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
A decreased thyroid hormone is termed hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Body tissues with high rates of metabolism suffer the most from low thyroid hormones. These cells include the skin, intestinal cells and cells of the immune system. The thyroid hormone affects all cells of the body, therefore, there are many signs of thyroid disease. Therapy is usually very effective with daily or twice daily medications. Periodic blood tests will be necessary to determine thyroid function and effectiveness of the therapeutic plan and dose.
Euthyroid-sick syndrome occurs when there are abnormally decreased values for thyroid hormones but the thyroid glands are normal and the dog does not require thyroid therapy. Total thyroxine (T4), free T4, and total triiodothyronine (T3) may be depressed below normal values by non-thyroidal illness. The cause for this syndrome is unknown but may be related to an adaptive mechanism to chronic stress. Skin disease in and of itself is not related to euthyroid-sick syndrome. Glucocorticoid hormones and potentiated sulfonamides may depress T4 and to a lesser extent fT4.
Normal (T4) Thyroid Hormone
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's thyroid is functioning normally.
Increased (T4) Thyroid Hormone
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
An increased thyroid hormone is termed hyperthyroidism. The most common cause of this finding is a tumor of the thyroid gland. Typical signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, a rapid heart rate and intestinal disease. Additional tests will be required to determine the appropriate therapy for your pet.
Liver Function Tests
LDH
A Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally lives in tissue cells. When tissue cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of LDH within the plasma. Even though LDH is a test for no specific tissue, it is used to help determine if damage has occurred to a tissue that does not have a more specific test. For example, we have tests that are specific for damage to the liver, muscles, pancreas, gall bladder, and kidney; however, occasionally damage to another tissue, such as the intestine, may cause elevations that are significant in the detection of hidden disease.
20-500 u/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal LDH
Your pet passed this test! The LDH levels in your pet are normal.
Your pet passed this test! The LDH levels in your pet are normal.
Mild Increase -LDH
A mild increase in LDH are not usually indicative of a serious disease. Falsely elevated values may be found in normal animals that have just eaten, exercised or struggled when the blood was drawn.
A mild increase in LDH are not usually indicative of a serious disease. Falsely elevated values may be found in normal animals that have just eaten, exercised or struggled when the blood was drawn.
Moderate Increase -LDH
A moderate to severe increase in LDH, without concurrent elevations in other serum enzymes, may indicate a hidden disease such as cancer. We recommend a thorough diagnostic search for occult illness. This work-up should include radiographs and ultrasound, as well as extensive blood and urine tests.
A moderate to severe increase in LDH, without concurrent elevations in other serum enzymes, may indicate a hidden disease such as cancer. We recommend a thorough diagnostic search for occult illness. This work-up should include radiographs and ultrasound, as well as extensive blood and urine tests.
Severe Increase -LDH
A severe increase in LDH, without concurrent elevations in other serum enzymes, may indicate a hidden disease such as cancer. We recommend a thorough diagnostic search for occult illness. This work-up should include radiographs and ultrasound as well as extensive blood and urine tests.
A severe increase in LDH, without concurrent elevations in other serum enzymes, may indicate a hidden disease such as cancer. We recommend a thorough diagnostic search for occult illness. This work-up should include radiographs and ultrasound as well as extensive blood and urine tests.
AST (SGOT)
An (AST) Aspartate Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), that usually lives only within the cells of the liver. When this chemical is found in the blood, it is an indication that severe damage to a certain number of liver cells has occurred. Elevations of this enzyme are more serious than the elevation of the ALT because the AST is a part of the inner-cellular machinery and usually cell death must occur before it leaks from the liver. AST is also found in muscle cells, and uncommonly, this test indicates muscle disease.
16 - 55 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal AST (SGOT)
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver is not damaged or inflamed.
Mild Increase -AST (SGOT)
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of an overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -AST (SGOT)
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate increase, in the absence of clinical signs, indicate the need to perform additional tests such as a bile acid assay to determine the degree of liver involvement. Further recommendations may be made based on your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -AST (SGOT)
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe increase is an indication for other diagnostic tests to be completed that will indicate the degree of severity and cause of inflammation. A bile acid assay is recommended if this test has not already been completed. An abdominal ultrasound will help determine the architecture of the liver and will facilitate the acquisition of a biopsy sample if needed. The biopsy sample will allow us to determine the liver disease and prognosis. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
ALT (SGPT)
An (ALT) Alanine Aminotransferase Test ( formerly called Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) ), measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally lives in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of ALT within the plasma and elevations indicate liver disease, but do not necessarily correlate with the degree of liver disease. A moderate increase in these levels may also be caused by administration of glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants without appreciable liver damage.
18-121 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALT (SGPT)
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that your pet's liver is not inflamed.
Mild Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Mild elevations indicate the need to monitor your pet for liver illness with repeated blood tests at more frequent intervals. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALT (SGPT)
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe elevations indicate the need to perform other blood tests, such as bile acid assays, that will help us determine if liver function compromise is present. Additional diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasound and biopsy of the liver, may be needed to further evaluate your pet's condition. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
ALP
An Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is found in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of Serum Amyloid P Component (SAP), within the plasma. The alkaline phosphatase test result is elevated when disease of the liver, and in particular the gall bladder, is present. Alkaline phosphatase is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants, however, this elevation does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Elevations of the alkaline phosphatase are also present and normal in young, growing pets. Excessive internal production of cortisol due to hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease), is a common cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase.
5 - 160 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal ALP
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet's liver and gallbladder are within normal limits.
Mild Increase -ALP
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase of alkaline phosphatase may be normal in pets that are older and have no overt signs of illness. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -ALP
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of alkaline phosphatase require an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level associated with Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -ALP
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A severe or persistent increase requires an aggressive search for underlying causes of liver, gall bladder, biliary disease or Cushing's disease. This will include additional blood testing, such as bile acid levels or ACTH stimulation tests. In addition, a diagnostic ultrasound may be used to evaluate the liver and gall bladder, as well as the adrenal glands for Cushing's disease. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
GGT
A Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), test measures the blood level of an enzyme (active chemical), which normally is contained in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged (but not necessarily killed), this enzyme leaks from the cells into the blood plasma. This test determines the level of GGT within the plasma. The GGT test result can be elevated with disease of the liver, and in particular, the gall bladder. GGT is also elevated when the pet is treated with cortisone or anticonvulsants. This elevation, however, does not indicate liver or gall bladder disease. Excessive internal production of cortisol is a common cause of elevated GGT, which is called hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease).
0 - 13 U/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal GGT
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Your pet passed this test! GGT elevation levels are normal in your pet.
Mild Increase -GGT
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A mild increase in this test may be of overall minor concern, particularly if your pet is older. However, it is an indication for twice a year blood screens to monitor these values. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Moderate Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Severe Increase -GGT
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
A moderate to severe increase of GGT requires an evaluation of the cause. This evaluation should include additional liver function tests, such as ALT and AST, as well as bile acids levels. If these tests are normal, then an ACTH stimulation test should be completed to evaluate for an elevated cortisol level. Dietary recommendations will be made based on your pet's age, health and overall body condition.
Total Protein
This is a measurement of all blood proteins and includes albumin, globulins and clotting factors.
5.5 - 7.5 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Total Protein
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Low total protein levels indicate protein loss, inadequate dietary protein or intestinal absorption problems. Further tests are required to determine the exact cause.
Normal Total Protein
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Your pet's protein levels are normal.
Increased Total Protein
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
High total protein levels indicate inflammation, infection or dehydration.
Albumin
This is a test for the blood protein Albumin. Albumin is produced by the liver and is important for keeping water in the blood vessels and transporting certain chemicals in the blood.
2.7-3.9 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Albumin
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Decreased albumin levels may be a result of reduced albumin production or increased loss of albumin. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Normal Albumin
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
The albumin is within normal limits indicating normal production by the liver as well as no loss through the kidneys or intestines.
Increased Albumin
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
Increases in albumin indicate dehydration. This may require treatment depending on the severity.
Globulin
This is a test for the blood protein Globulin. Globulins (also known as antibodies), are an important part of the immune system and are involved in fighting off infections.
2.4-4.0 g/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Globulin
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Decreased globulins indicate that the immune system may be suppressed or protein loss may be occurring. Additional tests may be necessary to determine the cause.
Normal Globulin
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Your pet has a normal level of antibodies in the blood.
Increased Globulin
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
Increased globulin levels indicate that your pet is producing antibodies in response to inflammation or infection. Further testing may be required.
Bile Acid Test
The Bile Acid Test is a determination of liver and gall bladder function in your pet. Bile acids undergo a circular path from the liver to the gall bladder, through the bile ducts to the small intestine, and then into the blood. Once in the blood, the bile acids are processed by the liver and stored back again in the gall bladder. Bile acids increase in the blood stream after a meal. When the gall bladder empties, bile acids decrease as the liver processes them. Blood values can determine the effectiveness of the liver in this process, which is an indication of the overall liver function.First, the pet is fasted. Blood will then be drawn from your pet, pre- and post- meal, to accurately measure the bile acid levels before and after eating.
If the bile acid levels are high, the liver isn't functioning properly and isn’t removing the bile acids from the blood.
7 - 95 µmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Bile Acid
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that the functional properties of your pet's liver are normal at this time.
Your pet passed this test! This is an indication that the functional properties of your pet's liver are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Bile Acid
Mildly increased bile acid levels indicate a mild reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made. If your pet is not ill nor showing signs of liver disease at this time, we recommend repeating this test in 14 days to determine the trend of the disease before performing a liver biopsy.
Mildly increased bile acid levels indicate a mild reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made. If your pet is not ill nor showing signs of liver disease at this time, we recommend repeating this test in 14 days to determine the trend of the disease before performing a liver biopsy.
Moderate Increase -Bile Acid
Moderately increased bile acid levels indicate a moderate reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. We recommend that either an ultrasound-guided biopsy or an exploratory, surgical biopsy be performed. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Moderately increased bile acid levels indicate a moderate reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. We recommend that either an ultrasound-guided biopsy or an exploratory, surgical biopsy be performed. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Severe Increase -Bile Acid
Severely increased bile acid levels indicate a severe reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Severely increased bile acid levels indicate a severe reduction of liver function in your pet. A liver biopsy will be required in order to determine the cause of this dysfunction. There are many causes of liver disease that can be treated if an accurate diagnosis is made.
Increased Bile Acid
Portosystemic shunts are congenitally abnormal blood vessels that bypass the liver allowing the blood from the intestines to bypass the normal detoxification process. This toxin rich blood can cause adverse effects on the brain, resulting in neurologic signs (signs of the nervous system). Examples of these signs are: wandering, apparent blindness, head pressing, seizures and drooling in young animals shortly after a meal. Other indications you may see in the pet include slow growth from an early age, excessive thirst and drinking, voracious appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.
Portosystemic shunts are congenitally abnormal blood vessels that bypass the liver allowing the blood from the intestines to bypass the normal detoxification process. This toxin rich blood can cause adverse effects on the brain, resulting in neurologic signs (signs of the nervous system). Examples of these signs are: wandering, apparent blindness, head pressing, seizures and drooling in young animals shortly after a meal. Other indications you may see in the pet include slow growth from an early age, excessive thirst and drinking, voracious appetite, vomiting and diarrhea.
Bilirubin -Total
This is a test for blood bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is released when red blood cells are destroyed and is then processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile and finally secreted into the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and are then recycled (conjugated) by the liver.
0.0-0.3 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Total
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems and gives no indication of excessive red blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Total
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of bilirubin may be a result of excessive red blood cell destruction, liver damage or bile duct blockage. Additional tests will be required to determine the cause.
Bilirubin -Conjugated
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of direct bilirubin indicate liver disease, gall bladder disease or bile duct disease. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition know as icterus or jaundice. Obstruction of the bile duct or gall bladder with stones or sludge, as well as moderate to severe inflammation of the liver, can cause elevation of bilirubin.
0.0-0.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Conjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A mild increase of this test may indicate mild liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A moderate increase of this test may indicate moderate liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Conjugated
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
A severe increase of this test may indicate severe liver or gall bladder disease. An ultrasound may be recommended to determine if there is gallbladder disease, or an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be indicated if the liver is suspect. Additional tests, such as a bile acid assay, may help determine the liver function. Pets with chronic gall bladder disease usually do better on a low fat, high fiber diet.
Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Bilirubin is a pigment chemical from the breakdown of red blood cells that is processed by the liver, stored in the gall bladder as a part of the bile, and secreted to the intestine to aid in the digestion of fatty foods. The bile and bilirubin are absorbed with the food into the blood stream and then recycled (conjugated) by the liver. Indirect bilirubin has not yet been through the liver or conjugated, while direct bilirubin has passed through the liver into the bile ducts and gall bladder. Elevations of indirect bilirubin indicate either liver disease or the production of excessive bilirubin pigments through the destruction of red blood cells. When blood cells degrade, they produce bilirubin. Think of your last bruise: first it is purple, then turns green as it heals, and finally yellow before it goes away. This yellow color is the bilirubin that is made from red blood cell degradation. If the bilirubin concentration rises high enough, the tissues will be stained yellow, causing a condition know as icterus or jaundice.
0.0-0.2 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Your pet passed this test! This indicates that your pet is not having gall bladder problems or excessive blood cell destruction.
Mild Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Mildly increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderate Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Moderately increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severe Increase -Bilirubin -Unconjugated
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
Severely increased levels need further investigation by performing other tests that determine the red blood cell health and the liver function. If anemia is present, feeding a diet high in protein is best.
High dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
This is a test that is done in pets with Cushing's disease that have high cortisone levels. The high cortisone levels may be from disease of the pituitary gland or disease of the adrenal gland. A high dose of dexamethasone will cause the cortisone to decrease in the case of pituitary disease and will not cause cortisone to decrease in the case of adrenal disease. If the values suggest adrenal disease, an ultrasound may be recommended.Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase -Cushing's
The Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP), is commonly elevated in the presence of excessive cortisol or Cushing's disease. This enzyme is produced in the liver and normally indicates bile duct illness in the absence of Cushing's disease. With a pet that has Cushing's, disease the excessive cortisol induces the production of an "isoenzyme" that mimics the SAP on the laboratory tests. A routine blood screen does not discriminate between these two types of SAP, therefore, elevated levels can indicate either gall bladder disease or Cushing's disease. There is a special test for this isoenzyme that may be requested from the laboratory.Uric Acid
The uric acid test measures the uric acid level in the urine. In excess, can cause urate bladder and kidney stones. The cause of urate stones is due to a defective metabolism and the liver’s inability to convert the uric acid to allantoin. Primarily, Dalmatians are most susceptible, but English Bulldogs and Yorkshire Terriers are also predisposed to this condition. This test is also effective in monitoring the pet’s response to therapy with allopurinol.
2.1-10.0 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal Uric Acid
Your pet’s uric acid level is within the normal range and your pet is not at risk of forming urate stones.
Your pet’s uric acid level is within the normal range and your pet is not at risk of forming urate stones.
Increased Uric Acid
An increased uric acid level in the urine is a result of a genetic disorder or excessive consumption of high purine foods; such as beef, poultry and/or fish.
An increased uric acid level in the urine is a result of a genetic disorder or excessive consumption of high purine foods; such as beef, poultry and/or fish.
Recommendations: Uric acid is a byproduct of purines; therefore, we recommend a low purine diet, avoiding large amounts of beef, poultry and fish.
Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test
This is a test to screen your pet for both the presence of Cushing's disease and to acquire information about the likelihood of there being an adrenal gland tumor as the cause of Cushing's disease in your pet. It involves giving a small dose of Dexamethasone to your pet, and then evaluating the effect this dose has on the production of cortisol by your pet.The test is performed starting in the morning with a small 0.01mg/kg IV injection of Dexamethasone, given after a blood sample is taken for baseline cortisol levels. Then a sample of blood is taken at 4 hours and again at 8 hours, from the time the injection was administered.
– – – – –
Results:
- If the cortisol production is stopped or lowered for more than 8 hours, your pet is normal.
- If the cortisol production is not affected by the dexamethasone injection, your pet likely has an adrenal tumor.
- If the cortisol goes down initially, but rebounds within 8 hours, your pet most likely has Cushing's disease from the pituitary gland.
Kidney Function Tests
Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio
The Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UPC) test helps to measure proper kidney function by measuring the degree of protein abnormally passed in the urine (proteinuria), as compared to the correct amount of creatinine present in the blood. Proper kidney function prevents protein loss, while filtering creatinine from the blood and allowing it to pass out of the body in the urine. This test helps to determine the severity of disease to the kidneys from a functional aspect.
<0.5-1
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased UPC
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
Normal UPC
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Increased UPC
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
BUN
The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of kidney function. Urea is produced through the breakdown of proteins and is excreted via the kidneys into the urine.
9 - 31 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased BUN
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Normal BUN
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
Mild Increase -BUN
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -BUN
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -BUN
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Creatinine
This is a test for kidney function. Creatinine is an amino acid that is released into the blood at a constant rate from muscle cells and then filtered into the urine at a constant rate by the kidneys.
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Creatinine
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Normal Creatinine
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Creatinine
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -Creatinine
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -Creatinine
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
SDMA
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
BUN/Creatinine Ratio
This test is used to evaluate the ratio of BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), in relation to Creatinine.– – – – –
Possible Results:
- If both are increased, then decreased, glomerular filtration is established.
- An increased BUN with decreased creatinine: can indicate early azotemia with decreased muscle mass.
- A drecreased BUN with increased creatinine: may indicate hepatic insufficiency, low protein diet or trauma.
Further evaluation of all the values is recommended.
Electrolyte Function Tests
Sodium
Sodium is an important electrolyte involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the total amount of fluid in the tissues and blood vessels.
142-152 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Sodium
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Sodium
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Increased Sodium
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Potassium
Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps with normal muscle and nerve function.
4.0-5.4 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Potassium
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Potassium
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Mild Increase -Potassium
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Chloride
Chloride is an electrolyte which is an important component of stomach acid (Hydrochloric acid).
108-119 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Chloride
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Normal Chloride
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Increased Chloride
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
CO2
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), is the end product of metabolism for the body. Normally, carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by blood, where it is exhaled. The carbon dioxide also forms bicarbonate, which is used to help maintain the correct acid/base environment in the body. This bicarbonate decreases when the body becomes more acid and increases when the body becomes more alkaline. Acid conditions are caused by severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea and any other severe illness. Alkaline conditions are caused by excessive panting (uncommon), or hydrochloric acid loss as a result of severe vomiting.
15-25 mmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Moderate Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Normal CO2
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Mild Increase -CO2
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Pancreas Function Tests
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is an essential building block of many important chemicals and hormones of the body. It is the basic structure component of cortisol, oestrogen, testosterone and many other chemicals. Cholesterol plaques do not occur in our pets because of their relatively short life span. Therefore, the concerns of cholesterol elevations in pets are not the same as they are in humans.
131-345 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Cholesterol
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Decreased cholesterol, known as hypocholesteroemia, could be a result of underfeeding (starvation), an unwillingness to eat, an extremely low-fat diet or those with malabsorption (digestive) problems. Chronic inflammation and chronic or sudden liver disease is also known to decrease cholesterol levels.
Normal Cholesterol
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
The cholesterol level is an indication of nutrition and metabolism, and at this time your pets levels are normal.
Mild Increase -Cholesterol
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
A mild increase in the cholesterol may be due to diet or may indicate an underlying disease. Further testing will be recommended if required.
Moderate Increase -Cholesterol
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
A moderate increase in cholesterol may indicate an underlying cause such as a malfunctioning thyroid gland, diabetes or Cushing's disease. Further testing may be required to find the cause.
Severe Increase -Cholesterol
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
A severe persistent increase of cholesterol are most likely due to a hereditary defect in fat metabolism called hyperlipidemia. This is managed with very low fat diets, such as Hill's r/d or Hill's w/d diet.
Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme which is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of food.
337-1,469 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Amylase
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is very rarely clinically significant.
Normal Amylase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Amylase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Severe Increase -Amylase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Lipase
Lipase is stored in the pancreas and is normally released into the small intestine shortly after a meal to help with the digestion of fatty food. Lipase can be released into the blood stream when the pancreas is inflamed. Irritation of the pancreas causes the release of very powerful chemicals (which usually digest our food), into the tissues around the pancreas causing autodigestion of these tissues and subsequent inflammation and pain. Elevation of lipase in the blood, therefore, may be a sign of pancreatitis.
138-755 U/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Lipase
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Lipase
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Lipase
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
A mild increase of lipase may be due to pancreatitis, but are frequently also seen with other conditions.
Moderate Increase -Lipase
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
A moderate increase of lipase may indicate pancreatitis or other gastrointestinal problems.
Severe Increase -Lipase
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
A severe increase of lipase is usually caused by pancreatitis.
Glucose
Blood glucose (a type of sugar), is the primary energy source for the body. Glucose enters the cells of the body with the help of (body producing) insulin and is an essential constituent of blood. If blood glucose values fall below normal your pet becomes weak, as it falls lower your pet may be very weak, exhibit tremors, seizures or coma; and if glucose falls very low for an extended time, it may be fatal. To determine blood glucose levels, a simple in-hospital test can be done using a small drop of blood (beneficial to kittens and puppies, as a large amount of blood is not required).
63-114 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Glucose
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
A sudden decrease in blood glucose (termed hypoglycemia) can be a serious threat to normal bodily function. Low blood glucose is a common finding in blood sent to the laboratory, due to the delay between the time the blood is drawn and the time the test is run; however, further investigation is recommended due to the seriousness of hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia | What You Need to Know
Symptoms
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can come on suddenly and include: loss of appetite, trembling, weakness, increased urination and thirst, cold-white gums (vs. warm, pink gums), behavioral changes, lack of energy, response time and coordination; as well as involuntary twitching, seizures and partial paralysis of hindquarters. Severe hypoglycemia, if left untreated, will ultimately affect brain functions, organs and eventually lead to unconsciousness followed by death (severe symptoms are also seen with insulin overdose).
Causes
Hypoglycemia is known to be caused by liver inflammation or cancer, Portosystemic shunt, prolonged vigorous exercise, malnutrition, artificial sweetener toxicity, over administration of insulin, and elapsed meal time in kittens, puppies and notably toy (small) breeds.
Diagnosis
In addition to a physical exam and blood glucose test, we may recommend additional tests to rule out and/or determine the underlying cause. Specifically, liver, kidney and pancreas blood tests may be performed to evaluate organ function. Other related blood test and a urinalysis may also be needed for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Puppy Hypoglycemia
Puppies are highly susceptible to hypoglycemia; especially small breed and toy breed pups. The reason being, they have less muscle mass compared to that of a large breed dog; therefore, it is harder for their body to maintain proper glucose levels. Regular meal times are imperative, because missing just one meal can bring on a sudden episode of hypoglycemia in a puppy. The signs to look for include: lethargic, trembling, stumbling and non-responsiveness. You need to immediately give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (repeating once or twice). You should begin to see improvement in a few minutes, if you do not, then you need to seek veterinary care immediately!
Insulin Overdose | Caring for your diabetic pet
One of the main causes of hypoglycemia in diabetic pets is inadvertently over administration of insulin. To prevent the possibility of double dosing, it’s a good idea for only one family member to be in charge of administering insulin to your pet. It is important to administer the insulin at the same time(s) each day; scheduling at meal time is a good way to remember. Missing a dose is insignificant, but overdosing can be fatal! Watch for the warning signs as they can come on quickly: stumbling (as if drunk), muscle tremors, weakness, nervousness, unusual behavior, anxiety and pupil dilation. If your pet is experiencing these signs, immediately feed your pet! If your pet will not eat, you need to give him/her honey, corn or Karo syrup. Simply, place a small amount on your finger and rub it behind their top row of teeth or on their gums (you can also do this if your pet is unconscious). You can repeat this process by giving them more honey/syrup, but do not give them insulin, this could result in death! In the event of unconsciousness and your pet responds, feed him/her right away and seek veterinary care. If your pet does not respond at all after giving him/her honey or syrup, seek veterinary care immediately! In the event your pet has remained conscious, yet with symptoms, as soon as they are alert and able, feed them a meal of their regular food.
Normal Glucose
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Normal blood glucose is maintained by a balanced metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, along with appropriate secretion of insulin.
Increased Glucose
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
An increase in blood glucose is commonly seen with stress or diabetes mellitus. Increased blood glucose must be confirmed by performing a fasting test, as well as checking the urine for glucose.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are the chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. Triglycerides in plasma are derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates. Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored. Hormones regulate the release of triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet the body's needs for energy between meals.
20-150 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Triglycerides
A decrease in tryglycerides are not usually a problem clinically, but may rarely be associated with digestive disease such as malabsorption.
A decrease in tryglycerides are not usually a problem clinically, but may rarely be associated with digestive disease such as malabsorption.
Normal Triglycerides
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's triglyceride levels are within the normal value range.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's triglyceride levels are within the normal value range.
Mild Increase -Triglycerides
A mild increase in triglycerides may be due to the collection sample taken shortly after eating a meal. It may also be due to low thyroid function, high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level will be recommended. Additionally, early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood may cause increased triglycerides.
A mild increase in triglycerides may be due to the collection sample taken shortly after eating a meal. It may also be due to low thyroid function, high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level will be recommended. Additionally, early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood may cause increased triglycerides.
Moderate Increase -Triglycerides
A moderate increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding.
A moderate increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding.
Severe Increase -Triglycerides
A severe increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level, as well as checks for early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood are indicates. There is also a particular syndrome of the kidneys that will cause high tryglycerides called nephrotic syndrome.
A severe increase in triglycerides indicate poor fat metabolism and may be present in diabetes, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), low thyroid function or other causes of high cholesterol or poor fat metabolism. We will recommend additional testing to determine the cause of this finding. We usually recommend repeating this test on your pet while fasting. If these levels are still high, then evaluation of the thyroid level, as well as checks for early diabetes, pancreatitis or other causes of high fat in the blood are indicates. There is also a particular syndrome of the kidneys that will cause high tryglycerides called nephrotic syndrome.
Spec cPL
Specific Canine Pancreatic Lipase (Spec cPL), is produced by the acinar cells of the pancreas. Its function is breakdown of dietary triglycerides in the intestines. The spec cPL is a quantative assay measuring the amount of pancreatic specific lipase in the blood.
20-150 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Spec cPL
A decrease in pancreatic specific lipase is not clinically significant.
A decrease in pancreatic specific lipase is not clinically significant.
Normal Spec cPL
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's pancreatic function is normal.
Mild Increase -Spec cPL
A mild increase in pancreatic specific lipase is indicative of pancreatic inflammation.
A mild increase in pancreatic specific lipase is indicative of pancreatic inflammation.
Moderate Increase -Spec cPL
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
Severe Increase -Spec cPL
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
A moderate to severe increase in pancreatic specific lipase can be caused by pancreatitis, pancreatic inflammation secondary to other diseases or pancreatic cancer. Further diagnostic imaging, such as an ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. A low fat diet is usually recommended.
Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio
The Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio (UPC) test helps to measure proper kidney function by measuring the degree of protein abnormally passed in the urine (proteinuria), as compared to the correct amount of creatinine present in the blood. Proper kidney function prevents protein loss, while filtering creatinine from the blood and allowing it to pass out of the body in the urine. This test helps to determine the severity of disease to the kidneys from a functional aspect.
<0.5-1
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased UPC
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
A decrease is normal. A healthy kidney does not allow protein to pass into the urine, therefore, little to none present in the urine is normal.
Normal UPC
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Your pet's kidneys are functioning properly in regard to filtering protein from the urine.
Increased UPC
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
A UPC >1 is abnormal and indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney failure.
A UPC persistently >2 is due to glomerular disease.
BUN
The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test is a measure of kidney function. Urea is produced through the breakdown of proteins and is excreted via the kidneys into the urine.
9 - 31 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased BUN
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased levels of Urea may be due to liver disease or increased urination. Further tests may be required to determine the cause.
Normal BUN
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
This indicates that your pets kidney function is currently adequate.
Mild Increase -BUN
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Urea may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -BUN
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Urea often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -BUN
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Urea usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Creatinine
This is a test for kidney function. Creatinine is an amino acid that is released into the blood at a constant rate from muscle cells and then filtered into the urine at a constant rate by the kidneys.
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Creatinine
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Uncommon; May be a normal finding.
Normal Creatinine
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
The creatinine is a more accurate indicator of kidney function than the BUN test (mentioned above), and your pet's levels are normal at this time.
Mild Increase -Creatinine
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
A mild increase of Creatinine may indicate either dehydration or reduced kidney function. A urinalysis is recommended to differentiate between these conditions. If reduced kidney function is diagnosed, then kidney function monitoring tests should be scheduled every four months.
Moderate Increase -Creatinine
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A moderate increase of Creatinine often indicate kidney failure or severe dehydration. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
Severe Increase -Creatinine
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
A severe increase of Creatinine usually indicate kidney failure or other serious disease. Further tests are required to identify the type of disease and evaluate the severity. This may include a urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound.
SDMA
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA), is a new kidney function test. It increases earlier than creatinine in some animals with chronic kidney disease. Unlike creatinine, SDMA is not impacted by lean body mass. SDMA and creatinine should be interpreted together, along with a urinalysis.
0 - 14 µg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Normal SDMA
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
If SDMA and creatinine, both, are within the normal range, kidney disease is unlikely.
Mild Increase -SDMA
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
A mild increase (generally 1 µg/dL) in growing puppies and kittens is normal. The same is true with greyhounds, and additionally, greyhounds may also have a "normal" mild increase in creatinine. The reason for these findings is unknown at this time.
Moderate Increase -SDMA
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
An SDMA of 15–20, with normal or mildly increased creatinine, is a good indicator of early kidney disease, because SDMA is more reliable in detecting kidney function compared to creatinine.
Severe Increase -SDMA
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
SDMA levels greater than 20, along with increased creatinine, is normally seen in more advanced kidney disease, because as kidney function decreases, SDMA levels increase.
Increased SDMA
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
An increased SDMA in aging pets, signifying decreased kidney function, is a normal finding. Due to the natural aging process, some of the kidney filtration ability will be lost. It is also normal for SDMA to progressively increase over time (up to 41%) as the pet continues to age (15+ years).
BUN/Creatinine Ratio
This test is used to evaluate the ratio of BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), in relation to Creatinine.– – – – –
Possible Results:
- If both are increased, then decreased, glomerular filtration is established.
- An increased BUN with decreased creatinine: can indicate early azotemia with decreased muscle mass.
- A drecreased BUN with increased creatinine: may indicate hepatic insufficiency, low protein diet or trauma.
Further evaluation of all the values is recommended.
Sodium
Sodium is an important electrolyte involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the total amount of fluid in the tissues and blood vessels.
142-152 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Sodium
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased sodium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Sodium
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal concentration of sodium in their blood.
Increased Sodium
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Increased sodium is usually caused by dehydration.
Potassium
Potassium is an important electrolyte that helps with normal muscle and nerve function.
4.0-5.4 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Decreased Potassium
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Decreased potassium may be due to a range of conditions, particularly vomiting or diarrhea. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Normal Potassium
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of potassium in their blood.
Mild Increase -Potassium
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
A mild increase of potassium may be due to a range of conditions. Further testing may be required to determine the cause.
Moderate Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Severe Increase -Potassium
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
A moderate to severe increase of potassium are commonly due to a damaged blood sample or hormonal imbalance. Further testing will be required to determine the cause.
Chloride
Chloride is an electrolyte which is an important component of stomach acid (Hydrochloric acid).
108-119 mmol/L
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Decreased Chloride
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Decreased chloride levels are often caused by vomiting. Hydrochloric acid is produced by the gastric acid cells of the stomach and severe vomiting will result in loss of this acid and a reduction in blood chloride levels.
Normal Chloride
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Your pet has a normal level of Chloride in their blood.
Increased Chloride
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
Increased chloride levels are often due to dehydration.
CO2
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), is the end product of metabolism for the body. Normally, carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by blood, where it is exhaled. The carbon dioxide also forms bicarbonate, which is used to help maintain the correct acid/base environment in the body. This bicarbonate decreases when the body becomes more acid and increases when the body becomes more alkaline. Acid conditions are caused by severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea and any other severe illness. Alkaline conditions are caused by excessive panting (uncommon), or hydrochloric acid loss as a result of severe vomiting.
15-25 mmol/L
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Severe Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Moderate Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild Decrease -CO2
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Mild to Severe Decreases in CO2 are due to hyperventilation. Treatment of decreased CO2 is to correct the underlying disease.
Normal CO2
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Your pet passed this test! Your pet's CO2 levels are normal.
Mild Increase -CO2
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
An increase in bicarbonate could be a result of severe vomiting.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an important mineral in the metabolic functions of the body. Along with calcium, phosphorus is a major component of the bones. Phosphorus is also involved in the creation of energy in the body as it is a major component of ADP and ATP which are the "fuel packets" of the body.
2.5-6.1 mg/dL
Decrease
| Severe
< Moderate
< Mild
Mild >
Moderate >
Severe |
Increase
Normal Phosphorus
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Your pet has normal blood phosphorus levels.
Mild Increase -Phosphorus
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Mildly increased phosphorus is normal in growing animals and of little concern. In adults, however, they may indicate bone damage or kidney disease and further testing may be necessary.
Moderate Increase -Phosphorus
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Moderately increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests, as well as a urinalysis, are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severe Increase -Phosphorus
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Severely increased phosphorus is seen in pets with advanced kidney disease. In advanced kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to remove phosphorus from the blood, resulting in high serum phosphorus levels and demineralization of the bones. Kidney function tests as well as a urinalysis are recommended to determine the degree of severity.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is an essential building block