Veterinary Fluoroscopic C-Arm X-Ray At Safari
The C-arm is a X-ray machine shown here with the pet on a special table. The x-ray emitter is above the head of the veterinary technician holding the pet and the receiver head is below the pet and table.
The images show up on the computer screens on the console across the room. The images are real time video. This allows the doctor to “see” the placement of a needle into the body. We use this machine commonly to place stem cells into the exact location of a spinal injury or into an intervertebral disc. The C-arm can be rotated so that animals on the surgery table can be imaged as shown in the second image. In some cases fractures can be “set” using the C-arm to visualze the bones and pins can be placed without open surgical approaches thereby sparing the pet and the limb the surgical trauma that accompanies open fracture repair.
Fluoroscopic C-Arm X-Ray used to diagnose rare blood vessel anomaly called Porto Systemic Shunt
This is an intraoperative view of using the C-arm during a surgical procedure. This is a small terrier mix dog under anesthesia. A small catheter is placed into the mesenteric vein of the small intestine. The purpose of the C-Arm here is to visualize an abnormal vessel that is diverting blood flow from the intestine bypassing the liver to the vena cava.
This disease is called porto-caval or portosystemic shunt and can be corrected surgically if the abnormal vessel can be located. A dye that shows up dark on the image generated by the C Arm. Dye is injected to demonstrate the flow of blood. In the picture below the Intestine Blood Vessel is catherized and the dye flows through the blood vessels of the intestine into the vena cava. The liver (under the vena cava) is bypassed.
Fluoroscopic C-Arm X-Ray used to drain overfilled swim-bladder in goldfish
Alice is a goldfish that is swimming up-side-down because she has a disease of her swim bladder. We have tried treatiing her with antibiotics and other remedies to no avail. We will now drain the excess air with guidance from our special fluoroscopic x-ray machine.
This equipment takes the guesswork out of this procedure. Real time video allows the surgeon to see his needle placement into the correct location.
Swim bladder disease is difficult if not impossible to manage so while the prognosis for this fish is not great it is good to have the ability to make it more normal even if it is just for awhile.
Early CT scans would rotate around the patient, creating multiple angles of view that were digitally sewn together to form a slice – think of a loaf of bread that is sliced and you are then able to see the cut surface. Today’s CT scans, however, use multiple simultaneous detectors, making the slice more of a spiral – think of a spiral cut ham instead of individual slices.
This spiral effect creates three dimensional cubes of visual data that can be examined from any direction. This means we are now able to see CT images from any angle, like turning a Rubik’s cube from the red side to the green side and then over to the yellow side and seeing every angle in between.
In addition, the traditional shades of grey are replaced with color to give a colorful three-dimensional view of the animal. These 3-D cubes are called voxels and can be as small as 1mm on a side. This level of resolution has never been possible in a traditional CT scan much less a radiograph.
The color is important because our eyes can only see 50 shades of grey, yet we can discern about 10 million different colors. The current CT scanner at Safari computes about 2000 different shades of grey, and each shade can be assigned a different color. These shades are then numbered and even though our eyes cannot see the differences, the computer can help us discern those differences through this color coding.
The following is an example of a case where a pet is paralyzed and has had an MRI image of the spinal cord. This image shows some change to the center of the spinal cord, meaning the neurons – nerves – contain increased water. They are swollen. But from the MRI scan we cannot see the reason for the damage. A CT scan with color assignments made to different cartilage densities allows us to see much more. The following series of images illustrates this concept.
Figure 1 is a cross section of the spinal canal at the area of spinal cord damage. The red and green lines cross inside the spinal cord that in turn is inside the bony vertebrae. At the junction of the lines is the number 139. This number is a density value that represents the density of cartilage. The surrounding density values are 30 to 50 representing normal spinal cord. The density of the bone of the vertebral body is 900. The cartilage should not be present but would not have been see had it not been for the advanced capabilities of the newer CT scanners.
Figure 2 shows three color filters that are designed to show cartilage density as a different color spectrum than the spinal cord. The first one colors the spinal cord that has increased water in it (swelling) as blue and cartilage is the black hole. Figure 3 shows the spinal cord tissue as gold with the cartilage as being yellow.
Finally, there are two blue neuro filters that eliminate the bone and other tissues showing only the cartilage and the swelling of the spinal cord. If we go one vertebra up the spine to a more normal, non-damaged area there is nothing within the spinal cord. This pet had surgery and the bits of cartilage were removed from the spinal cord. The cartilage came from a ruptured intervertebral disc.
The final image shows another pet where the disc encroaches on the spinal cord but not explosively like the one above.
Tissue Filtering
The digital voxels of certain densities can be instructed by the software to disappear so that the underlying tissues can be seen. This is helpful in showing the skeleton absent the muscles. It is also helpful in showing the blood vessels when they have a dye in them or the elements of the urinary system absent the intestinal tissues that surround it.
Cutting Holes
Techniques for seeing deep into tissues using the three-dimensional technology like cutting a “hole” in the skull to see the brain inside come in handy when trying to see the lungs of a turtle with emphysema or eggs.
Quick Scans
Some animals are critical or exotic or both and scanning them without sedation is another feature of the Safari CT scanner. An exotic pet can be placed in a Plexiglas box and the entire box scanned in just a few seconds to get very quick but precise diagnostic images as this lemur, prairie dog, and parrot demonstrate.
